Spectral chemistry

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to a novel method to affect, control and/or direct a reaction pathway (e.g., organic, inorganic, biologic or other reaction) by, for example, exposing one or more participants in a reaction system to at least one spectral energy pattern (e.g., at least one spectral pattern comprising at least one frequency of electromagnetic radiation) which can be op made to correspond to at least a portion of a spectral catalyst or a spectral energy catalyst. The invention also relates to mimicking various mechanisms of action of various catalysts in reaction systems under various environment reaction conditions. The invention fiber discloses methods for simulating at least partially, one or more environmental reaction conditions by the application of one or more spectral environmental reason conditions. The invention specifically discloses different means for achieving the matching of energy frequencies between, for example, applied energy and matter (e.g., solids, liquids, gases, plasmas and/or combinations or portions thereof), to achieve energy to, for example, at least one participant in a reaction system by taking into account various energy considerations in the reaction system. The invention also discloses an approach for designing or determining appropriate physical catalyst(s) to be used in a reaction system.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS AND PATENT

[0001] This Application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. ProvisionalApplication Serial No. 60/231,620, entitled, A Frequency Based Theory OfCatalysts, which was filed Sep. 11, 2000.This Application is also aContinuation-In-Part of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/919,679, entitled, Spectral Catalysts, filed Aug. 1, 2001, which is aContinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/460,025, entitledSpectral Catalysts, filed Dec. 13, 1999, now abandoned, which is aDivisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/098,883, originallyfiled on Jun. 17, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,531, which issued onMar. 7, 2000, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional ApplicationSerial No., 60/049,910, entitled, Spectral Catalysts, filed Jun. 18,1997. This Application also claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication Serial No. 60/049,910. The subject matter of all of theabove-identified Patent Applications and Patent are hereby expresslyincorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This invention relates to a novel method to affect, controland/or direct a reaction pathway (e.g., organic, inorganic, biologic orother reaction) by, for example, exposing one or more participants in areaction system to at least one spectral energy pattern (e.g., at leastone spectral pattern comprising at least one frequency ofelectromagnetic radiation) which can be made to correspond to at least aportion of a spectral catalyst or a spectral energy catalyst. Theinvention also relates to mimicking various mechanisms of action ofvarious catalysts in reaction systems under various environmentalreaction conditions. The invention further discloses methods forsimulating, at least partially, one or more environmental reactionconditions by the application of one or more spectral environmentalreaction conditions. The invention specifically discloses differentmeans for achieving the matching of energy frequencies between, forexample, applied energy and matter (e.g., solids, liquids, gases,plasmas and/or combinations or portions thereof), to achieve energytransfer to, for example, at least one participant in a reaction systemby taking into account various energy considerations in the reactionsystem. The invention also discloses an approach for designing ordetermining appropriate physical catalyst(s) to be used in a reactionsystem.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Chemical reactions are driven by energy. The energy comes in manydifferent forms including chemical, thermal, mechanical, acoustic, andelectromagnetic. Various features of each type of energy are thought tocontribute in different ways to the driving of chemical reactions.Irrespective of the type of energy involved, chemical reactions areundeniably and inextricably intertwined with the transfer andcombination of energy. An understanding of energy is, therefore, vitalto an understanding of chemical reactions.

[0004] A chemical reaction can be controlled and/or directed either bythe addition of energy to the reaction medium in the form of thermal,mechanical, acoustic and/or electromagnetic energy or by means oftransferring energy through a physical catalyst. These methods aretraditionally not that energy efficient and can produce, for example,either unwanted by-products, decomposition of required transients,and/or intermediates and/or activated complexes and/or insufficientquantities of preferred products of a reaction.

[0005] It has been generally believed that chemical reactions occur as aresult of collisions between reacting molecules. In terms of thecollision theory of chemical kinetics, it has been expected that therate of a reaction is directly proportional to the number of themolecular collisions per second:

rate α number of collisions/sec

[0006] This simple relationship explains the dependence of reactionrates on concentration. Additionally, with few exceptions, reactionrates have been believed to increase with increasing temperature becauseof increased collisions.

[0007] The dependence of the rate constant k of a reaction can beexpressed by the following equation, known as the Arrhenius equation:

k=Ae^(−Ea/RT)

[0008] where E_(a) is the activation energy of the reaction which is theminimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction, R isthe gas constant, T is the absolute temperature and e is the base of thenatural logarithm scale. The quantity A represents the collision rateand shows that the rate constant is directly proportional to A and,therefore, to the collision rate. Furthermore, because of the minus signassociated with the exponent E_(a)/RT, the rate constant decreases withincreasing activation energy and increases with increasing temperature.

[0009] Normally, only a small fraction of the colliding molecules,typically the fastest-moving ones, have enough kinetic energy to exceedthe activation energy, therefore, the increase in the rate constant kcan now be explained with the temperature increase. Since morehigh-energy molecules are present at a higher temperature, the rate ofproduct formation is also greater at the higher temperature. But, withincreased temperatures there are a number of problems which areintroduced into the reaction system. With thermal excitation othercompeting processes, such as bond rupture, may occur before the desiredenergy state can be reached. Also, there are a number of decompositionproducts which often produce fragments that are extremely reactive, butthey can be so short-lived because of their thermodynamic instability,that a preferred reaction may be dampened.

[0010] Radiant or light energy is another form of energy that may beadded to the reaction medium that also may have negative side effectsbut which may be different from (or the same as) those side effects fromthermal energy. Addition of radiant energy to a system produceselectronically excited molecules that are capable of undergoing chemicalreactions.

[0011] A molecule in which all the electrons are in stable orbitals issaid to be in the ground electronic state. These orbitals may be eitherbonding or non-bonding. If a photon of the proper energy collides withthe molecule the photon may be absorbed and one of the electrons may bepromoted to an unoccupied orbital of higher energy. Electronicexcitation results in spatial redistribution of the valence electronswith concomitant changes in internuclear configurations. Since chemicalreactions are controlled to a great extent by these factors, anelectronically excited molecule undergoes a chemical reaction that maybe distinctly different from those of its ground-state counterpart.

[0012] The energy of a photon is defined in terms of its frequency orwavelength,

E=hv=hc/λ

[0013] where E is energy; h is Plank's constant, 6.6×10⁻³⁴ J·sec; v isthe frequency of the radiation, sec⁻¹; c is the speed of light; and λ isthe wavelength of the radiation. When a photon is absorbed, all of itsenergy is imparted to the absorbing species. The primary act followingabsorption depends on the wavelength of the incident light.Photochemistry studies photons whose energies lie in the ultravioletregion (100-4000 Å) and in the visible region (4000-7000 Å) of theelectromagnetic spectrum. Such photons are primarily a cause ofelectronically excited molecules.

[0014] Since the molecules are imbued with electronic energy uponabsorption of light, reactions occur from different potential-energysurfaces from those encountered in thermally excited systems. However,there are several drawbacks of using the known techniques ofphotochemistry, that being, utilizing a broad band of frequenciesthereby causing unwanted side reactions, undue experimentation, and poorquantum yield. Some good examples of photochemistry are shown in thefollowing patents.

[0015] In particular, U.S. Pat. No. 5,174,877 issued to Cooper, et. al.,(1992) discloses an apparatus for the photocatalytic treatment ofliquids. In particular, it is disclosed that ultraviolet lightirradiates the surface of a prepared slurry to activate thephotocatalytic properties of the particles contained in the slurry. Thetransparency of the slurry affects, for example, absorption ofradiation. Moreover, discussions of different frequencies suitable forachieving desirable photocatalytic activity are disclosed.

[0016] Further, U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,269 issued to Brumer, et. al.,(1998) discloses a photodisassociation process for disassociatingvarious molecules in a known energy level. In particular, it isdisclosed that different disassociation pathways are possible and thedifferent pathways can be followed due to selecting differentfrequencies of certain electromagnetic radiation. It is furtherdisclosed that the amplitude of electromagnetic radiation appliedcorresponds to amounts of product produced.

[0017] Selective excitation of different species is shown in thefollowing three (3) patents. Specifically, U.S. Pat. No. 4,012,301 toRich, et. al., (1977) discloses vapor phase chemical reactions that areselectively excited by using vibrational modes corresponding to thecontinuously flowing reactant species. Particularly, a continuous wavelaser emits radiation that is absorbed by the vibrational mode of thereactant species.

[0018] U.S. Pat. No. 5,215,634 issued to Wan, et al., (1993) discloses aprocess of selectively converting methane to a desired oxygenate. Inparticular, methane is irradiated in the presence of a catalyst withpulsed microwave radiation to convert reactants to desirable products.The physical catalyst disclosed comprises nickel and the microwaveradiation is applied in the range of about 1.5 to 3.0 GHz.

[0019] U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,349 issued to Suib, et. al., (1991) disclosesa method for cracking a hydrocarbon to create cracked reaction products.It is disclosed that a stream of hydrocarbon is exposed to a microwaveenergy which creates a low power density microwave discharge plasma,wherein the microwave energy is adjusted to achieve desired results. Aparticular frequency desired of microwave energy is disclosed as being2.45 GHz.

[0020] Physical catalysts are well known in the art. Specifically, aphysical catalyst is a substance which alters the reaction rate of achemical reaction without appearing in the end product. It is known thatsome reactions can be speeded up or controlled by the presence ofsubstances which themselves appear to remain unchanged after thereaction has ended. By increasing the velocity of a desired reactionrelative to unwanted reactions, the formation of a desired product canbe maximized compared with unwanted by-products. Often only a trace ofphysical catalyst is necessary to accelerate the reaction. Also, it hasbeen observed that some substances, which if added in trace amounts, canslow down the rate of a reaction. This looks like the reverse ofcatalysis, and, in fact, substances which slow down a reaction rate havebeen called negative catalysts or poisons. Known physical catalysts gothrough a cycle in which they are used and regenerated so that they canbe used again and again. A physical catalyst operates by providinganother path for the reaction which can have a higher reaction rate orslower rate than available in the absence of the physical catalyst. Atthe end of the reaction, because the physical catalyst can be recovered,it appears the physical catalyst is not involved in the reaction. But,the physical catalyst must somehow take part in the reaction, or elsethe rate of the reaction would not change. The catalytic act hashistorically been represented by five essential steps originallypostulated by Ostwald around the late 1800's:

[0021] 1. Diffusion to the catalytic site (reactant);

[0022] 2. Bond formation at the catalytic site (reactant);

[0023] 3. Reaction of the catalyst-reactant complex;

[0024] 4. Bond rupture at the catalytic site (product); and

[0025] 5. Diffusion away from the catalytic site product).

[0026] The exact mechanisms of catalytic actions are unknown in the artbut it is known that physical catalysts can speed up a reaction thatotherwise would take place too slowly to be practical.

[0027] There are a number of problems involved with known industrialcatalysts: firstly, physical catalysts can not only lose theirefficiency but also their selectivity, which can occur due to, forexample, overheating or contamination of the catalyst; secondly, manyphysical catalysts include costly metals such as platinum or silver andhave only a limited life span, some are difficult to rejuvenate, and theprecious metals not easily reclaimed. There are numerous physicallimitations associated with physical catalysts which render them lessthan ideal participants in many reactions.

[0028] Accordingly, what is needed is an understanding of the catalyticprocess so that biological processing, chemical processing, industrialprocessing, etc., can be engineered by more precisely controlling themultitude of reaction processes that currently exist, as well asdeveloping completely new reaction pathways and/or reaction products.Examples of such understandings include methods to catalyze reactionswithout the drawbacks of: (1) known physical catalysts; and (2)utilizing energy with much greater specificity than the prior artteachings which utilize less than ideal thermal and electromagneticradiation methods and which result in numerous inefficiencies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0029] Definitions

[0030] For purposes of this invention, the terms and expressions below,appearing in the Specification and Claims, are intended to have thefollowing meanings:

[0031] “Activated complex”, as used herein, means the assembly ofatom(s) (charged or neutral) which corresponds to the maximum in thereaction profile describing the transformation of reactant(s) intoreaction product(s). Either the reactant or reaction product in thisdefinition could be an intermediate in an overall transformationinvolving more than one step.

[0032] “Applied spectral energy pattern”, as used herein, means thetotality of: (a) all spectral energy patterns that are externallyapplied; and/or (b) spectral environmental reaction conditions inputinto a reaction system.

[0033] “Catalytic spectral energy pattern”, as used herein, means atleast a portion of a spectral energy pattern of a physical catalystwhich when applied to a reaction system in the form of a beam or fieldcan catalyze the reaction system.

[0034] “Catalytic spectral pattern”, as used herein, means at least aportion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst which when appliedto a reaction system can catalyze the reaction system by the following:

[0035] a) completely replacing a physical chemical catalyst;

[0036] b) acting in unison with a physical chemical catalyst to increasethe rate of reaction;

[0037] c) reducing the rate of reaction by acting as a negativecatalyst; or

[0038] d) altering the reaction pathway for formation of a specificreaction product.

[0039] “Direct resonance targeting”, as used herein, means theapplication of energy to a reaction system by at least one of thefollowing spectral energy providers: spectral energy catalyst; spectralcatalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectralenergy pattern; catalytic spectral pattern; applied spectral energypattern and spectral environmental reaction conditions, to achievedirect resonance with at least one of the following forms of matter:reactants; transients; intermediates; activated complexes; physicalcatalysts; reaction products; promoters; poisons; solvents; physicalcatalyst support materials; reaction vessels; and/or mixtures orcomponents thereof, said spectral energy providers providing energy toat least one of said forms of matter by interacting with at least onefrequency thereof, excluding electronic and vibrational frequencies insaid reactants, to produce at least one desired reaction product and/orat least one desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate.

[0040] “Environmental reaction condition”, as used herein, means andincludes traditional reaction variables such as temperature, pressure,surface area of catalysts, physical catalyst size and shape, solvents,physical catalyst support materials, poisons, promoters, concentrations,electromagnetic radiation, electric fields, magnetic fields, mechanicalforces, acoustic fields, reaction vessel size, shape and composition andcombinations thereof, etc., which may be present and are capable ofinfluencing, positively or negatively, reaction pathways in a reactionsystem.

[0041] “Frequency”, as used herein, means the number of times which aphysical event (e.g., wave, field and/or motion) varies from theequilibrium value through a complete cycle in a unit of time (e.g., onesecond; and one cycle/sec=1 Hz). The variation from equilibrium can bepositive and/or negative, and can be, for example, symmetrical,asymmetrical and/or proportional with regard to the equilibrium value.

[0042] “Harmonic targeting”, as used herein, means the application ofenergy to a reaction system by at least one of the following spectralenergy providers: spectral energy catalyst; spectral catalyst; spectralenergy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectral energy pattern;catalytic spectral pattern; applied spectral energy pattern and spectralenvironmental reaction conditions, to achieve harmonic resonance with atleast one of the following forms of matter: reactants; transients;intermediates; activated complexes; physical catalysts; reactionproducts; promoters, poisons; solvents; physical catalyst supportmaterials; reaction vessels; and/or mixtures or components thereof, saidspectral energy providers providing energy to at least one of said formsof matter by interacting with at least one frequency thereof, excludingelectronic and vibrational frequencies in said reactants, to produce atleast one desired reaction product and/or at least one desired reactionproduct at a desired reaction rate.

[0043] “Intermediate”, as used herein, means a molecule, ion and/or atomwhich is present between a reactant and a reaction product in a reactionpathway or reaction profile. It corresponds to a minimum in the reactionprofile of the reaction between reactant and reaction product. Areaction which involves an intermediate is typically a stepwisereaction.

[0044] “Non-harmonic heterodyne targeting”, as used herein, means theapplication of energy to a reaction system by at least one of thefollowing spectral energy providers: spectral energy catalyst; spectralcatalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectralenergy pattern; catalytic spectral pattern; applied spectral energypattern and spectral environmental reaction condition to achievenon-harmonic heterodyne resonance with at least one of the followingforms of matter: reactants; transients; intermediates; activatedcomplexes; physical catalysts; reaction products; promoters; poisons;solvents; physical catalyst support materials; reaction vessels; and/ormixtures or components thereof, said spectral energy provider providingenergy to at least one of said forms of matter by interacting with atleast one frequency thereof, to produce at least one desired reactionproduct and/or at least one desired reaction product at a desiredreaction rate.

[0045] “Participant”, as used herein, means reactant, transient,intermediate, activated complex, physical catalyst, promoter, poisonand/or reaction product comprised of molecules, ions and/or atoms (orcomponents thereof).

[0046] “Reactant”, as used herein, means a starting material or startingcomponent in a reaction system. A reactant can be any inorganic, organicand/or biologic atom, molecule, ion, compound, substance, and/or thelike.

[0047] “Reaction coordinate”, as used herein, means an intra- orinter-molecular/atom configurational variable whose change correspondsto the conversion of reactant into reaction product.

[0048] “Reaction pathway”, as used herein, means those steps which leadto the formation of reaction product(s). A reaction pathway may includeintermediates and/or transients and/or activated complexes. A reactionpathway may include some or all of a reaction profile.

[0049] “Reaction product”, as used herein, means any product of areaction involving a reactant. A reaction product may have a differentchemical composition from a reactant or a substantially similar (orexactly the same) chemical composition but exhibit a different physicalor crystalline structure and/or phase.

[0050] “Reaction profile”, as used herein means a plot of energy (e.g.,molecular potential energy, molar enthalpy, or free energy) againstreaction coordinate for the conversion of reactant(s) into reactionproduct(s).

[0051] “Reaction system”, as used herein, means the combination ofreactants, intermediates, transients, activated complexes, physicalcatalysts, poisons, promoters, spectral catalysts, spectral energycatalysts, reaction products, environmental reaction conditions,spectral environmental reaction conditions, applied spectral energypattern, etc., that are involved in any reaction pathway.

[0052] “Resultant energy pattern”, as used herein, means the totality ofenergy interactions between the applied spectral energy pattern with allparticipants and/or components in the reaction systems.

[0053] “Spectral catalyst”, as used herein, means electromagnetic energywhich acts as a catalyst in a reaction system, for example,electromagnetic energy having a spectral pattern which affects,controls, or directs a reaction pathway.

[0054] “Spectral energy catalyst”, as used herein, means energy whichacts as a catalyst in a reaction system having a spectral energy patternwhich affects, controls and/or directs a reaction pathway.

[0055] “Spectral energy pattern”, as used herein, means a pattern formedby one or more energies and/or components emitted or absorbed by amolecule, ion, atom and/or component(s) thereof and/or which is presentby and/or within a molecule, ion, atom and/or component(s) thereof.

[0056] “Spectral environmental reaction condition”, as used herein,means at least one frequency and/or field which simulates at least aportion of at least one environmental reaction condition in a reactionsystem.

[0057] “Spectral pattern”, as used herein, means a pattern formed by oneor more electromagnetic frequencies emitted or absorbed after excitationof an atom or molecule. A spectral pattern may be formed by any knownspectroscopic technique.

[0058] “Targeting”, as used herein, means the application of energy to areaction system by at least one of the following spectral energyproviders: spectral energy catalyst; spectral catalyst; spectral energypattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectral energy pattern; catalyticspectral pattern; applied spectral energy pattern; and spectralenvironmental reaction conditions, to achieve direct resonance and/orharmonic resonance and/or non-harmonic heterodyne-resonance with atleast one of the following forms of matter: reactants; transients;intermediates; activated complexes; physical catalysts; reactionproducts; promoters; poisons; solvents; physical catalyst supportmaterials; reaction vessels; and/or mixtures or components thereof, saidspectral energy provider providing energy to at least one of said formsof matter by interacting with at least one frequency thereof, to produceat least one desired reaction product and/or at least one desiredreaction product at a desired reaction rate.

[0059] “Transient”, as used herein, means any chemical and/or physicalstate that exists between reactant(s) and reaction product(s) in areaction pathway or reaction profile.

[0060] This invention overcomes many of the deficiencies associated withthe use of various known physical catalysts in a variety of differentenvironments. More importantly, this invention, for the first time ever,discloses a variety of novel spectral energy techniques, referred tosometimes herein as spectral chemistry, that can be utilized in a numberof reactions, including very basic reactions, which may be desirable toachieve or to permit to occur in a virtually unlimited number of areas.These spectral energy techniques can be used in, for example, any typesof biological reactions (i.e., plant and animal), physical reactions,chemical reactions (i.e., organic or inorganic) industrial (i.e., anyindustrial reactions of large scale or small scale), and/or energyreactions of any type, etc.

[0061] These novel spectral energy techniques (now referred to asspectral chemistry) are possible to achieve due to the fundamentaldiscoveries contained herein that disclose various means for achievingthe transfer of energy between, for example, two entities. The inventionteaches that the key for transferring energy between two entities (e.g.,one entity sharing energy with another entity) is that when frequenciesmatch, energy transfers. For example, matching of frequencies ofspectral energy patterns of two different forms of matter; or matchingof frequencies of a spectral energy pattern of matter with energy in theform of a spectral energy catalyst. The entities may both be comprisedof matter (solids, liquids, gases and/or plasmas and/or mixtures and/orcomponents thereof), both comprised of various form(s) of energy, or onecomprised of various form(s) of energy and the other comprised of matter(solids, liquids, gases and/or plasmas and/or mixtures and/or componentsthereof).

[0062] More specifically, all matter can be represented by spectralenergy patterns, which can be quite simple to very complex inappearance, depending on, for example, the complexity of the matter. Oneexample of a spectral energy pattern is a spectral pattern whichlikewise can be quite simple to quite complex in appearance, dependingon, for example, the complexity of the matter. In the case of matterrepresented by spectral patterns, matter can exchange energy with othermatter if, for example, the spectral patterns of the two forms of mattermatch, at least partially, or can be made to match or overlap, at leastpartially (e.g., spectral curves or spectral patterns comprising one ormore electromagnetic frequencies may overlap with each other). Ingeneral, but not in all cases, the greater the overlap in spectralpatterns (and thus, the greater the overlap of frequencies comprisingthe spectral patterns), the greater the amount of energy transferred.Likewise, for example, if the spectral pattern of at least one form ofenergy can be caused to match or overlap, at least partially, with thespectral pattern of matter, energy will also transfer to the matter.Thus, energy can be transferred to matter by causing frequencies tomatch.

[0063] As discussed elsewhere herein, energy (E), frequency (v) andwavelength (λ) and the speed of light (c) in a vacuum are interrelatedthrough, for example, the following equation:

E=hv=hc/λ

[0064] When a frequency or set of frequencies corresponding to at leasta first form of matter can be caused to match with a frequency or set offrequencies corresponding to at least a second form of matter, energycan transfer between the different forms of matter and permit at leastsome interaction and/or reaction to occur involving at least one of thetwo different forms of matter. For example, solid, liquid, gas and/orplasma (and/or mixtures and/or portions thereof) forms of matter caninteract and/or react and form a desirable reaction product or result.Any combination(s) of the above forms of matter (e.g., solid/solid,solid/liquid, solid/gas, solid/plasma, solid/gas/plasma,solid/liquid/gas, etc., and/or mixtures and/or portions thereof) arepossible to achieve for desirable interactions and/or reactions tooccur.

[0065] Further, matter (e.g., solids, liquids, gases and/or plasmasand/or mixtures and/or portions thereof) can be caused, or influenced,to interact and/or react with other matter and/or portions thereof in,for example, a reaction system along a desired reaction pathway byapplying energy, in the form of, for example, a catalytic spectralenergy pattern, a catalytic spectral pattern, a spectral energy pattern,a spectral energy catalyst, a spectral pattern, a spectral catalyst, aspectral environmental reaction condition and/or combinations thereof,which can collectively result in an applied spectral energy pattern.

[0066] In these cases, interactions and/or reactions may be caused tooccur when the applied spectral energy pattern results in, for example,some type of modification to the spectral energy pattern of one or moreof the forms of matter in the reaction system. The various forms ofmatter include: reactants; transients; intermediates; activatedcomplexes; physical catalysts; reaction products; promoters; poisons;solvents; physical catalyst support materials; reaction vessels; and/ormixtures of components thereof. For example, the applied spectral energyprovider (i.e., at least one of spectral energy catalyst; spectralcatalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectralenergy pattern; catalytic spectral pattern; applied spectral energypattern and spectral environmental reaction conditions) when targetedappropriately to, for example, a participant and/or component in thereaction system, can result in the generation of, and/or desirableinteraction with, one or more participants. Specifically, the appliedspectral energy provider can be targeted to achieve very specificdesirable results and/or reaction product and/or reaction product at adesired rate. The targeting can occur by a direct resonance approach,(i.e., direct resonance targeting), a harmonic resonance approach (i.e.,harmonic targeting) and/or a non-harmonic heterodyne resonance approach(i.e., non-harmonic heterodyne targeting). The spectral energy providercan be targeted to, for example, interact with at least one frequency ofan atom or molecule, including, but not limited to, electronicfrequencies, vibrational frequencies, rotational frequencies,rotational-vibrational frequencies, fine splitting frequencies,hyperfine splitting frequencies, magnetic field induced frequencies,electric field induced frequencies, natural oscillating frequencies, andall components and/or portions thereof (discussed in greater detaillater herein). These approaches may result in, for example, themimicking of at least one mechanism of action of a physical catalyst ina reaction system. For example, in some cases, desirable results may beachieved by utilizing a single applied spectral energy pattern targetedto a single participant; while in other cases, more than one appliedspectral energy pattern may be targeted to a single participant ormultiple participants, by, for example, multiple approaches.Specifically, combinations of direct resonance targeting, harmonictargeting and non-harmonic heterodyne targeting, which can be made tointeract with one or more frequencies occurring in atoms and/ormolecules, could be used sequentially or substantially continuously.Further, in certain cases, the spectral energy provider targeting mayresult in various interactions at predominantly the upper energy levelsof one or more of the various forms of matter present in a reactionsystem.

[0067] The invention further recognizes and explains that variousenvironmental reaction conditions are capable of influencing reactionpathways in a reaction system when using a spectral energy catalyst suchas a spectral catalyst. The invention teaches specific methods forcontrolling various environmental reaction conditions in order toachieve desirable results in a reaction (e.g., desirable reactionproduct(s) in one or more desirable reaction pathway(s)) and/orinteraction. The invention further discloses an applied spectral energyapproach which permits the simulation, at least partially, of desirableenvironmental reaction conditions by the application of at least one,for example, spectral environmental reaction conditions. Thus,environmental reaction conditions can be controlled and used incombination with at least one spectral energy pattern to achieve adesired reaction pathway. Alternatively, traditionally utilizedenvironmental reaction conditions can be modified in a desirable manner(e.g., application of a reduced temperature and/or reduced pressure) bysupplementing and/or replacing the traditional environmental reactioncondition(s) with at least one spectral environmental reactioncondition.

[0068] The invention also provides a method for determining desirablephysical catalysts (i.e., comprising previously known materials ormaterials not previously known to function as a physical catalyst) whichcan be utilized in a reaction system to achieve a desired reactionpathway and/or desired reaction rate. In this regard, the invention maybe able to provide a recipe for a physical and/or spectral catalyst fora particular reaction system where no physical catalyst previouslyexisted. In this embodiment of the invention, spectral energy patternsare determined or calculated by the techniques of the invention andcorresponding physical catalysts can be supplied or manufactured andthereafter included in the reaction system to generate the calculatedrequired spectral energy patterns. In certain cases, one or moreexisting physical species could be used or combined in a suitablemanner, if a single physical species was deemed to be insufficient, toobtain the appropriate calculated spectral energy pattern to achieve adesired reaction pathway and/or desired reaction rate. Such catalystscan be used alone, in combination with other physical catalysts,spectral energy catalysts, controlled environmental reaction conditionsand/or spectral environmental reaction conditions to achieve a desiredresultant energy pattern and consequent reaction pathway and/or desiredreaction rate.

[0069] The invention discloses many different permutations of the basictheme stated throughout namely, that when frequencies match, energytransfers. It should be understood that these many differentpermutations can be used alone to achieve desirable results (e.g.,desired reaction pathways and/or a desired reaction rates) or can beused in a limitless combination of permutations, to achieve desiredresults (e.g., desired reaction pathways and/or desired reaction rates).However, common to all of these seemingly complicated permutations andcombinations is the basic understanding first provided by this inventionthat in order to control or enable any reaction, so long as frequenciesof two entities match (e.g., spectral patterns overlap), energy can betransferred. If energy is transferred, desirable interactions and/orreactions can result.

[0070] Moreover, this concept can also be used in the reverse.Specifically, if a reaction is occurring because frequencies match, thereaction can be slowed or stopped by causing the frequencies to nolonger match or at least match to a lesser degree. In this regard, oneor more reaction system components (e.g., environmental reactioncondition, spectral environmental reaction condition and/or an appliedspectral energy pattern) can be modified and/or applied so as tominimize, reduce or eliminate frequencies from matching. This alsopermits reactions to be started and stopped with ease providing fornovel control in a myriad of reactions.

[0071] To simplify the disclosure and understanding of the invention,specific categories or sections have been created in the “Summary of theInvention” and in the “Detailed Description of the PreferredEmbodiments”. However, it should be understood that these categories arenot mutually exclusive and that some overlap exists. Accordingly, theseartificially created sections should not be used in an effort to limitthe scope of the invention defined in the appended claims.

[0072] I. Wave Energies

[0073] In general, thermal energy has traditionally been used to drivechemical reactions by applying heat and increasing the temperature of areaction system. The addition of heat increases the kinetic (motion)energy of the chemical reactants. It has been believed that a reactantwith more kinetic energy moves faster and farther, and is more likely totake part in a chemical reaction. Mechanical energy likewise, bystirring and moving the chemicals, increases their kinetic energy andthus their reactivity. The addition of mechanical energy often increasestemperature, by increasing kinetic energy.

[0074] Acoustic energy is applied to chemical reactions as orderlymechanical waves. Because of its mechanical nature, acoustic energy canincrease the kinetic energy of chemical reactants, and can also elevatetheir temperature(s). Electromagnetic (EM) energy consists of waves ofelectric and magnetic fields. EM energy may also increase the kineticenergy and heat in reaction systems. It also may energize electronicorbitals or vibrational motion in some reactions.

[0075] Both acoustic and electromagnetic energy consist of waves. Energywaves and frequency have some interesting properties, and may becombined in some interesting ways. The manner in which wave energytransfers and combines, depends largely on the frequency. For example,when two waves of energy, each having the same amplitude, but one at afrequency of 400 Hz and the other at 100 Hz are caused to interact, thewaves will combine and their frequencies will add, to produce a newfrequency of 500 Hz (i.e., the “sum” frequency). The frequency of thewaves will also subtract when they combine to produce a frequency of 300Hz (i.e., the “difference” frequency). All wave energies typically addand subtract in this manner, and such adding and subtracting is referredto as heterodyning. Common results of heterodyning are familiar to mostas harmonics in music. The importance of heterodyning will be discussedin greater detail later herein.

[0076] Another concept important to the invention is wave interactionsor interference. In particular, wave energies are known to interactconstructively and destructively. This phenomena is important indetermining the applied spectral energy pattern. FIGS. 1a-1 c show twodifferent incident sine waves 1 (FIG. 1a) and 2 (FIG. 1b) whichcorrespond to two different spectral energy patterns having twodifferent wavelengths λ₁ and λ₂ (and thus different frequencies) whichcould be applied to a reaction system. Assume arguendo that the energypattern of FIG. 1a corresponds to an electromagnetic spectral patternand that FIG. 1b corresponds to one spectral environmental reactioncondition. Each of the sine waves 1 and 2 has a different differentialequation which describes its individual motion. However, when the sinewaves are combined into the resultant additive wave 1+2 (FIG. 1c), theresulting complex differential equation, which describes the totality ofthe combined energies (i.e., the applied spectral energy pattern)actually results in certain of the input energies being high (i.e.,constructive interference shown by a higher amplitude) at certain pointsin time, as well as being low (i.e., destructive interference shown by alower amplitude) at certain points in time.

[0077] Specifically, the portions “X” represent areas where theelectromagnetic spectral pattern of wave 1 has constructively interferedwith the spectral environmental reaction condition wave 2, whereas theportions “Y” represent areas where the two waves 1 and 2 havedestructively interfered. Depending upon whether the portions “X”corresponds to desirable or undesirable wavelengths, frequencies orenergies (e.g., causing the applied spectral energy pattern to havepositive or negative interactions with, for example, one or moreparticipants and/or components in the reaction system), then theportions “X” could enhance a positive effect in the reaction system orcould enhance a negative effect in the reaction system. Similarly,depending on whether the portions “Y” correspond to desirable orundesirable wavelengths, frequencies, or energies, then the portions “Y”may correspond to the effective loss of either a positive or negativeeffect.

[0078] It should be clear from this particular analysis thatconstructive interferences (i.e., the points “X”) could, for example,maximize both positive and negative effects in a reaction system.Accordingly, this simplified example shows that by combining, forexample, certain frequencies from a spectral pattern with one or moreother frequencies from, for example, at least one spectral environmentalreaction condition, that the applied spectral energy pattern that isactually applied to the reaction system can be a combination ofconstructive and destructive interference(s). Accordingly, these factorsshould also be taken into account when choosing appropriate spectralenergy patterns that are to be applied to a reaction system. In thisregard, it is noted that in practice many desirable incident wavelengthscan be applied to a reaction system. Moreover, it should also be clearthat wave interaction effects include, but are not limited to,heterodyning, direct resonance, indirect resonance, additive waves,subtractive waves, constructive or destructive interference, etc.Further, as discussed in detail later herein, additional effects such aselectric effects and/or magnetic field effects can also influencespectral energy patterns (e.g., spectral patterns).

[0079] II. Spectral Catalysts and Spectroscopy

[0080] A wide variety of reactions can be advantageously affected anddirected with the assistance of a spectral energy catalyst having aspecific spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern orelectromagnetic pattern) which transfers a predetermined quanta oftargeted energy to initiate, control and/or promote desirable reactionpathways and/or desirable reaction rates within a reaction system. Thissection discusses spectral catalysts in more detail and explains varioustechniques for using spectral catalysts in reaction systems. Forexample, a spectral catalyst can be used in a reaction system to replaceand provide the additional energy normally supplied by a physicalcatalyst. The spectral catalyst can actually mimic or copy themechanisms of action of a physical catalyst. The spectral catalyst canact as both a positive catalyst to increase the rate of a reaction or asa negative catalyst or poison to decrease the rate of reaction.Furthermore, the spectral catalyst can augment a physical catalyst byutilizing both a physical catalyst and a spectral catalyst in a reactionsystem. The spectral catalyst can improve the activity of a physicalchemical catalyst. Also, the spectral catalyst can partially replace aspecific quantity or amount of the physical catalyst, thereby reducingthe high cost of physical catalysts in many industrial reactions.

[0081] In the present invention, the spectral energy catalyst providestargeted energy (e.g., electromagnetic radiation comprising a specificfrequency or combination of frequencies), in a sufficient amount for asufficient duration to initiate and/or promote and/or direct a chemicalreaction (e.g., follow a particular reaction pathway). The totalcombination of targeted energy applied at any point in time to thereaction system is referred to as the applied spectral energy pattern.The applied spectral energy pattern may be comprised of a singlespectral catalyst, multiple spectral catalysts and/or other spectralenergy catalysts as well. With the absorption of targeted energy into areaction system (e.g., electromagnetic energy from a spectral catalyst),a reactant may be caused to proceed through one or several reactionpathways including: energy transfer which can, for example, exciteelectrons to higher energy states for initiation of chemical reaction,by causing frequencies to match; ionize or dissociate reactants whichmay participate in a chemical reaction; stabilize reaction products;energize and/or stabilize intermediates and/or transients and/oractivated complexes that participate in a reaction pathway; and/or causeone or more components in a reaction system to have spectral patternswhich at least partially overlap.

[0082] For example, in a simple reaction system, if a chemical reactionprovides for at least one reactant “A” to be converted into at least onereaction product “B”, a physical catalyst “C” may be utilized. Incontrast, a portion of the catalytic spectral energy pattern (e.g., inthis section the catalytic spectral pattern) of the physical catalyst“C” may be applied in the form of, for example, an electromagnetic beamto catalyze the reaction.

[0083] Substances A and B=unknown frequencies, and C=30 Hz;

Therefore, Substance A+30 HZ→Substance B

[0084] In the present invention, for example, the spectral pattern(e.g., electromagnetic spectral pattern) of the physical catalyst “C”can be determined by known methods of spectroscopy. Utilizingspectroscopic instrumentation, the spectral pattern of the physicalcatalyst is preferably determined under conditions approximating thoseoccurring in the reaction system using the physical catalyst (e.g.,spectral energy patterns as well as spectral patterns can be influencedby environmental reaction conditions, as discussed later herein).Spectroscopy is a process in which the energy differences betweenallowed states of any system are measured by determining the frequenciesof the corresponding electromagnetic energy which is either beingabsorbed or emitted. Spectroscopy in general deals with the interactionof electromagnetic radiation with matter. When photons interact with,for example, atoms or molecules, changes in the properties of atoms andmolecules are observed.

[0085] Atoms and molecules are associated with several different typesof motion. The entire molecule rotates, the bonds vibrate, and even theelectrons move, albeit so rapidly that electron density distributionshave historically been the primary focus of the prior art. Each of thesekinds of motion is quantified. That is, the atom, molecule or ion canexist only in distinct states that correspond to discrete energyamounts. The energy difference between the different quantum statesdepends on the type of motion involved. Thus, the frequency of energyrequired to bring about a transition is different for the differenttypes of motion. That is, each type of motion corresponds to theabsorption of energy in different regions of the electromagneticspectrum and different spectroscopic instrumentation may be required foreach spectral region. The total motion energy of an atom or molecule maybe considered to be at least the sum of its electronic, vibrational androtational energies.

[0086] In both emission and absorption spectra, the relation between theenergy change in the atom or molecule and the frequency of theelectromagnetic energy emitted or absorbed is given by the so-calledBohr frequency condition:

ΔE=hv

[0087] where h is Planck's constant; v is the frequency; and ΔE, is thedifference of energies in the final and initial states.

[0088] Electronic spectra are the result of electrons moving from oneelectronic energy level to another in an atom, molecule or ion. Amolecular physical catalyst's spectral pattern includes not onlyelectronic energy transitions but also may involve transitions betweenrotational and vibrational energy levels. As a result, the spectra ofmolecules are much more complicated than those of atoms. The mainchanges observed in the atoms or molecules after interaction withphotons include excitation, ionization and/or rupture of chemical bonds,all of which may be measured and quantified by spectroscopic methodsincluding emission or absorption spectroscopy which give the sameinformation about energy level separation.

[0089] In emission spectroscopy, when an atom or molecule is subjectedto a flame or an electric discharge, such atoms or molecules may absorbenergy and become “excited.” On their return to their “normal” statethey may emit radiation. Such an emission is the result of a transitionof the atom or molecule from a high energy or “excited” state to one oflower state. The energy lost in the transition is emitted in the form ofelectromagnetic energy. “Excited” atoms usually produce line spectrawhile “excited” molecules tend to produce band spectra.

[0090] In absorption spectroscopy, the absorption of nearlymonochromatic incident radiation is monitored as it is swept over arange of frequencies. During the absorption process the atoms ormolecules pass from a state of low energy to one of high energy. Energychanges produced by electromagnetic energy absorption occur only inintegral multiples of a unit amount of energy called a quantum, which ischaracteristic of each absorbing species. Absorption spectra may beclassified into four types: rotational; rotation-vibration; vibrational;and electronic.

[0091] The rotational spectrum of a molecule is associated with changeswhich occur in the rotational states of the molecule. The energies ofthe rotational states differ only by a relatively small amount, andhence, the frequency which is necessary to effect a change in therotational levels is very low and the wavelength of electromagneticenergy is very large. The energy spacing of molecular rotational statesdepends on bond distances and angles. Pure rotational spectra areobserved in the far infrared and microwave and radio regions (See Table1).

[0092] Rotation-vibrational spectra are associated with transitions inwhich the vibrational states of the molecule are altered and may beaccompanied by changes in rotational states. Absorption occurs at higherfrequencies or shorter wavelength and usually occurs in the middle ofthe infrared region (See Table 1).

[0093] Vibrational spectra from different vibrational energy levelsoccur because of motion of bonds. A stretching vibration involves achange in the interatomic distance along the axis of the bond betweentwo atoms. Bending vibrations are characterized by a change in the anglebetween two bonds. The vibrational spectra of a molecule are typicallyin the near-infrared range.

[0094] Electronic spectra are from transitions between electronic statesfor atoms and molecules and are accompanied by simultaneous changes inthe rotational and vibrational states in molecules. Relatively largeenergy differences are involved, and hence absorption occurs at ratherlarge frequencies or relatively short wavelengths. Different electronicstates of atoms or molecules correspond to energies in the infrared,ultraviolet-visible or x-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum (SeeTable 1). TABLE 1 Approximate Boundaries 1Region Name Energy, JWavelength Frequency, Hz X-ray   2 × 10⁻¹⁴-2 × 10 ⁻¹⁷ 10-2-10 nm   3 ×10¹⁹-3 × 10¹⁶ Vacuum Ultraviolet   2 × 10⁻¹⁷-9.9 × 10⁻¹⁹  10-200 nm   3× 10¹⁶-1.5 × 10¹⁵ Near ultraviolet 9.9 × 10⁻¹⁹-5 × 10⁻¹⁹ 200-400 nm 1.5× 10¹⁵-7.5 × 10 ¹⁴ Visible   5 × 10⁻¹⁹-2.5 × 10⁻¹⁹ 400-800 nm 7.5 ×10¹⁴-3.8 × 10¹⁴ Near Infrared 2.5 × 10⁻¹⁹-6.6 × 10⁻²⁰ 0.8-2.5 um 3.8 ×10¹⁴-1 × 10¹⁴ Fundamental 6.6 × 10⁻²⁰-4 × 10⁻²¹  2.5-50 um   1 × 10¹⁴-6× 10¹² Infrared Far infrared   4 × 10⁻²¹-6.6 × 10 ⁻²²  50-300 um   6 ×10¹²-1 × 10¹² Microwave 6.6 × 10⁻²²-4 × 10⁻²⁵ 0.3 mm-0.5 m   1 × 10¹²-6× 10⁸ Radiowave   4 × 10⁻²⁵-6.6 × 10⁻³⁴ 0.5-300 × 10⁶m    6 × 10⁸-1

[0095] Electromagnetic radiation as a form of energy can be absorbed oremitted, and therefore many different types of spectroscopy may be usedin the present invention to determine a desired spectral pattern of aspectral catalyst (e.g., a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst)including, but not limited to, x-ray, ultraviolet, infrared, microwave,atomic absorption, flame emissions, atomic emissions, inductivelycoupled plasma, DC argon plasma, arc-source emission, spark-sourceemission, high-resolution laser, radio, Raman and the like.

[0096] In order to study the electronic transitions, the material to bestudied may need to be heated to a high temperature, such as in a flame,where the molecules are atomized and excited. Another very effective wayof atomizing gases is the use of gaseous discharges. When a gas isplaced between charged electrodes, causing an electrical field,electrons are liberated from the electrodes and from the gas atomsthemselves and may form a plasma or plasma-like conditions. Theseelectrons will collide with the gas atoms which will be atomized,excited or ionized. By using high frequency fields, it is possible toinduce gaseous discharges without using electrodes. By varying the fieldstrength, the excitation energy can be varied. In the case of a solidmaterial, excitation by electrical spark: or arc can be used. In thespark or arc, the material to be analyzed is evaporated and the atomsare excited.

[0097] The basic scheme of an emission spectrophotometer includes apurified silica cell containing the sample which is to be excited. Theradiation of the sample passes through a slit and is separated into aspectrum by means of a dispersion element. The spectral pattern can bedetected on a screen, photographic film or by a detector.

[0098] An atom will most strongly absorb electromagnetic energy at thesame frequencies it emits. Measurements of absorption are often made sothat electromagnetic radiation that is emitted from a source passesthrough a wavelength-limiting device, and impinges upon the physicalcatalyst sample that is held in a cell. When a beam of white lightpasses through a material, selected frequencies from the beam areabsorbed. The electromagnetic radiation that is not absorbed by thephysical catalyst passes through the cell and strikes a detector. Whenthe remaining beam is spread out in a spectrum, the frequencies thatwere absorbed show up as dark lines in the otherwise continuousspectrum. The position of these dark lines correspond exactly to thepositions of lines in an emission spectrum of the same molecule or atom.Both emission and absorption spectrophotometers are available throughregular commercial channels.

[0099] In 1885, Balmer discovered that hydrogen vibrates and producesenergy at frequencies in the visible light region of the electromagneticspectrum which can be expressed by a simple formula:

1/λ=R(½²−1/m ²)

[0100] when λ is the wavelength of the light, R is Rydberg's constantand m is an integer greater than or equal to 3 (e.g., 3, 4, or 5, etc.).Subsequently, Rydberg discovered that this equation could be adapted toresult in all the wavelengths in the hydrogen spectrum by changing the½² to 1/n², as in,

1/λ=R(1/n ²−1/m ²)

[0101] where n is an integer ≧1, and m is an integer ≧n+1. Thus, forevery different number n, the result is a series of numbers forwavelength, and the names of various scientists were assigned to eachsuch series which resulted. For instance, when n=2 and m≧3, the energyis in the visible light spectrum and the series is referred to as theBalmer series. The Lyman series is in the ultraviolet spectrum with n=1,and the Paschen series is in the infrared spectrum with n=3.

[0102] In the prior art, energy level diagrams were the primary meansused to describe energy levels in the hydrogen atom (see FIGS. 7a and 7b).

[0103] After determining the electromagnetic spectral pattern of adesired catalyst (e.g., a physical catalyst), the catalytic spectralpattern may be duplicated, at least partially, and applied to thereaction system. Any generator of one or more frequencies within anacceptable approximate range of, for example, frequencies ofelectromagnetic radiation may be used in the present invention. Whenduplicating one or more frequencies of, for example, a spectral pattern,it is not necessary to duplicate the frequency exactly. For instance,the effect achieved by a frequency of 1,000 THz, can also be achieved bya frequency very close to it, such as 1,001 or 999 THz. Thus, there willbe a range above and below each exact frequency which will also catalyzea reaction. Specifically, FIG. 12 shows a typical bell-curve “B”distribution of frequencies around the desired frequency f₀, whereindesirable frequencies can be applied which do not correspond exactly tof₀, but are close enough to the frequency f₀ to achieve a desiredeffect, such as those frequencies between and including the frequencieswithin the range of f₁ and f₂. Note that f₁ and f₂ correspond to aboutone half the maximum amplitude, a_(max), of the curve “B”. Thus,whenever the term “exact” or specific reference to “frequency” or thelike is used, it should be understood to have this meaning. In addition,harmonics of spectral catalyst frequencies, both above and below theexact spectral catalyst frequency, will cause sympathetic resonance withthe exact frequency and will catalyze the reaction. Finally, it ispossible to catalyze reactions by duplicating one or more of themechanisms of action of the exact frequency, rather than using the exactfrequency itself. For example, platinum catalyzes the formation of waterfrom hydrogen and oxygen, in part, by energizing the hydroxyl radical atits frequency of roughly 1,060 THz. The reaction can also be catalyzedby energizing the hydroxy radical with its microwave frequency, therebyduplicating platinum's mechanism of action.

[0104] An electromagnetic radiation emitting source should have thefollowing characteristics: high intensity of the desired wavelengths;long life; stability; and the ability to emit the electromagnetic energyin a pulsed and/or continuous mode.

[0105] Irradiating sources can include, but are not limited to, arclamps, such as xenon-arc, hydrogen and deuterium, krypton-arc,high-pressure mercury, platinum, silver; plasma arcs, discharge lamps,such as As, Bi, Cd, Cs, Ge, Hg, K, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Ti, Tl and Zn;hollow-cathode lamps, either single or multiple elements such as Cu, Pt,and Ag; and sunlight and coherent electromagnetic energy emissions, suchas masers and lasers.

[0106] Masers are devices which amplify or generate electromagneticenergy waves with great stability and accuracy. Masers operate on thesame principal as lasers, but produce electro-magnetic energy in theradio and microwave, rather than visible range of the spectrum. Inmasers, the electromagnetic energy is produced by the transition ofmolecules between rotational energy levels.

[0107] Lasers are powerful coherent photon sources that produce a beamof photons having the same frequency, phase and direction, that is, abeam of photons that travel exactly alike. Accordingly, for example, thepredetermined spectral pattern of a desired catalyst can be generated bya series or grouping of lasers producing one or more requiredfrequencies.

[0108] Any laser capable of emitting the necessary electromagneticradiation with a frequency or frequencies of the spectral catalyst maybe used in the present invention. Lasers are available for usethroughout much of the spectral range. They can be operated in either acontinuous or a pulsed mode. Lasers that emit lines and lasers that emita continuum may be used in the present invention. Line sources mayinclude argon ion laser, ruby laser, the nitrogen laser, the Nd:YAGlaser, the carbon dioxide laser, the carbon monoxide laser and thenitrous oxide-carbon dioxide laser. In addition to the spectral linesthat are emitted by lasers, several other lines are available, byaddition or subtraction in a crystal of the frequency emitted by onelaser to or from that emitted by another laser. Devices that combinefrequencies and may be used in the present invention include differencefrequency generators and sum frequency mixers. Other lasers that may beused in this invention include, but are not limited to: crystal, such asAl₂0₃ doped with Cr³⁺, Y₃Al₅O₁₂ doped with Nd³⁺; gas, such as He—Ne,Kr-ion; glass, chemical, such as vibrationally excited HCL and HF; dye,such as Rhodamine 6G in methanol; and semiconductor lasers, such asGa_(1-x)Al_(x)As. Many models can be tuned to various frequency ranges,thereby providing several different frequencies from one instrument andapplying them to the reaction system (See Examples in Table 2). TABLE 2SEVERAL POPULAR LASERS Medium Type Emitted wavelength, nm Ar Gas 334,351.1, 363.8, 454.5, 457.9, 465.8, 472.7, 476.5, 488.0, 496.5, 501.7,514.5, 528.7 Kr Gas 350.7, 356.4, 406.7, 413.1, 415.4, 468.0, 476.2,482.5, 520.8, 530.9, 568.2, 647.1, 676.4, 752.5, 799.3 He—Ne Gas 632.8He—Cd Gas 325.0, 441.6 N₂ Gas 337.1 XeF Gas 351 KrF Gas 248 ArF Gas 193Ruby Solid 693.4 Nd: YAG Solid 266, 355, 532 Pb_(1−x) Cd_(x) S Solid 2.9× 10³-2.6 × 10⁴ Pb_(1−x) Se_(x) Solid 2.9 × 10³-2.6 × 10⁴ Pb_(1−x)Sn_(x) Se Solid 2.9 × 10³-2.6 × 10⁴ Pb_(1−x) Sn_(x) Te Solid 2.9 ×10³-2.6 × 10⁴

[0109] The coherent light from a single laser or a series of lasers issimply brought to focus or introduced to the region where a desiredreaction is to take place. The light source should be close enough toavoid a “dead space” in which the light does not reach the reactionsystem, but far enough apart to assure complete incident-lightabsorption. Since ultraviolet sources generate heat, such sources mayneed to be cooled to maintain efficient operation. Irradiation time,causing excitation of the reaction system, may be individually tailoredfor each reaction: some short-term for a continuous reaction with largesurface exposure to the light source; or long light-contact time forother systems.

[0110] An object of this invention is to provide a spectral energypattern (e.g., a spectral pattern of electromagnetic energy) to thereaction system by applying at least a portion of (or substantially allof) a required spectral energy catalyst (e.g., a spectral catalyst)determined and calculated by, for example, waveform analysis of thespectral patterns of, for example, the reactant(s) and the reactionproduct(s). Accordingly, in the case of a spectral catalyst, acalculated electromagnetic pattern will be a spectral pattern or willact as a spectral catalyst to generate a preferred reaction pathwayand/or preferred reaction rate. In basic terms, spectroscopic data foridentified substances can be used to perform a simple waveformcalculation to arrive at, for example, the correct electromagneticenergy frequency, or combination of frequencies, needed to catalyze areaction. In simple terms,

A→B

[0111] Substance A=50 Hz, and Substance B=80 Hz

80 Hz−50 Hz=30 Hz:

Therefore, Substance A+30 Hz→Substance B.

[0112] The spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral patterns) of both thereactant(s) and reaction product(s) can be determined. In the case of aspectral catalyst, this can be accomplished by the spectroscopic meansmentioned earlier. Once the spectral patterns are determined (e.g.,having a specific frequency or combination of frequencies) within anappropriate set of environmental reaction conditions, the spectralenergy pattern(s) (e.g., electromagnetic spectral pattern(s)) of thespectral energy catalyst (e.g., spectral catalyst) can be determined.Using the spectral energy pattern (s) (e.g., spectral patterns) of thereactant(s) and reaction product(s), a waveform analysis calculation candetermine the energy difference between the reactant(s) and reactionproduct(s) and at least a portion of the calculated spectral energypattern (e.g., electromagnetic spectral pattern) in the form of aspectral energy pattern (e.g., a spectral pattern) of a spectral energycatalyst (e.g., a spectral catalyst) can be applied to the reactionsystem to cause the reaction system to follow along the desired reactionpathway. The specific frequency or frequencies of the calculatedspectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern) corresponding to thespectral energy catalyst (e.g., spectral catalyst) will provide thenecessary energy input into the reaction system to affect and initiate adesired reaction pathway.

[0113] Performing the waveform analysis calculation to arrive at, forexample, the correct electromagnetic energy frequency or frequencies canbe accomplished by using complex algebra, Fourier transformation orWavelet Transforms, which is available through commercial channels underthe trademark Mathematical and supplied by Wolfram, Co. It should benoted that only a portion of a calculated spectral energy catalyst(e.g., spectral catalyst) may be sufficient to catalyze a reaction or asubstantially complete spectral energy catalyst (e.g., spectralcatalyst) may be applied depending on the particular circumstances.

[0114] In addition, at least a portion of the spectral energy pattern(e.g., electromagnetic pattern of the required spectral catalyst) may begenerated and applied to the reaction system by, for example, theelectromagnetic radiation emitting sources defined and explainedearlier.

[0115] The use of a spectral catalyst may be applicable in manydifferent areas of technology ranging from biochemical processes toindustrial reactions.

[0116] The specific physical catalysts that may be replaced or augmentedin the present invention may include any solid, liquid, gas or plasmacatalyst, having either homogeneous or heterogeneous catalytic activity.A homogeneous physical catalyst is defined as a catalyst whose moleculesare dispersed in the same phase as the reacting chemicals. Aheterogeneous physical catalyst is defined as one whose molecules arenot in the same phase as the reacting chemicals. In addition, enzymeswhich are considered biological catalysts are to be included in thepresent invention. Some examples of physical catalysts that may bereplaced or augmented comprise both elemental and molecular catalysts,including, not limited to, metals, such as silver, platinum, nickel,palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and iron; semiconducting metal oxides andsulfides, such as NiO₂, Zn), MgO, Bi₂O₃/MoO₃, TiO₂, SrTiO₃, CdS, CdSe,SiC, GaP, Wo₂ and MgO₃; copper sulfate; insulating oxides such as Al₂O₃,SiO₂ and MgO; and Ziegler-Natta catalysts, such as titaniumtetrachloride, and trialkyaluminum.

[0117] III. Targeting

[0118] The frequency and wave nature of energy has been discussedherein. Additionally, Section I entitled “Wave Energies” disclosed theconcepts of various potential interactions between different waves. Thegeneral concepts of “targeting”, “direct resonance targeting”, “harmonictargeting” and “non-harmonic heterodyne targeting” (all defined termsherein) build on these and other understandings.

[0119] Targeting has been defined generally as the application of aspectral energy provider (e.g., spectral energy catalyst, spectralcatalyst, spectral energy pattern, spectral pattern, catalytic spectralenergy pattern, catalytic spectral pattern, spectral environmentalreaction conditions and applied spectral energy pattern) to a reactionsystem. The application of these types of energies to a reaction systemcan result in interaction(s) between the applied spectral energyprovider(s) and matter (including all components thereof) in thereaction system. This targeting can result in at least one of directresonance, harmonic resonance, and/or non-harmonic heterodyne resonancewith at least a portion, for example, at least one form of matter in areaction system. In this invention, targeting should be generallyunderstood as meaning applying a particular spectral energy provider(e.g., a spectral energy pattern) to another entity comprising matter(or any component thereof) to achieve a particular desired result (e.g.,desired reaction product and/or desired reaction product at a desiredreaction rate). Further, the invention provides techniques for achievingsuch desirable results without the production of, for example,undesirable transients, intermediates, activated complexes and/orreaction products. In this regard, some limited prior art techniquesexist which have applied certain forms of energies (as previouslydiscussed) to reaction systems. These certain forms of energies havebeen limited to direct resonance and harmonic resonance with someelectronic frequencies and/or vibrational frequencies of some reactants.These limited forms of energies used by the prior art were due to thefact that the prior art lacked an adequate understanding of the spectralenergy mechanisms and techniques disclosed herein. Moreover, it hasoften been the case in the prior art that at least some undesirableintermediate, transient, activated complex and/or reaction product wasformed, and/or a less than optimum reaction rate for a desired reactionpathway occurred. The present invention overcomes the limitations of theprior art by specifically targeting, for example, various forms ofmatter in a reaction system (and/or components thereof), with, forexample, an applied spectral energy pattern. Heretofore, such selectivetargeting of the invention was never disclosed or suggested.Specifically, at best, the prior art has been reduced to using random,trial and error or feedback-type analyses which, although may result inthe identification of a single spectral catalyst frequency, suchapproach may be very costly and very time-consuming, not to mentionpotentially unreproducible under a slightly different set of reactionconditions. Such trial and error techniques for determining appropriatecatalysts also have the added drawback, that having once identified aparticular catalyst that works, one is left with no idea of what itmeans. If one wishes to modify the reaction, including simple reactionsusing size and shape, another trial and error analysis becomes necessaryrather than a simple, quick calculation offered by the techniques of thepresent invention.

[0120] Accordingly, whenever use of the word “targeting” is made herein,it should be understood that targeting does not correspond toundisciplined energy bands being applied to a reaction system; butrather to well defined, targeted, applied spectral energy patterns, eachof which has a particular desirable purpose in, for example, a reactionpathway to achieve a desired result and/or a desired result at a desiredreaction rate.

[0121] IV. Environmental Reaction Conditions

[0122] Environmental reaction conditions are important to understandbecause they can influence, positively or negatively, reaction pathwaysin a reaction system. Traditional environmental reaction conditionsinclude temperature, pressure, surface area of catalysts, catalyst sizeand shape, solvents, support materials, poisons, promoters,concentrations, electromagnetic radiation, electric fields, magneticfields, mechanical forces, acoustic fields, reaction vessel size, shapeand composition and combinations thereof, etc.

[0123] The following reaction can be used to discuss the effects ofenvironmental reaction conditions which may need to be taken intoaccount in order to cause the reaction to proceed along the simplereaction pathway shown below.

[0124] Specifically, in some instances, reactant A will not form intoreaction product B in the presence of any catalyst C unless theenvironmental reaction conditions in the reaction system include certainmaximum or minimum conditions of environmental reaction conditions suchas pressure and/or temperature. In this regard, many reactions will notoccur in the presence of a physical catalyst unless the environmentalreactions conditions include, for example, an elevated temperatureand/or an elevated pressure. In the present invention, suchenvironmental reaction conditions should be taken into considerationwhen applying a particular spectral energy catalyst (e.g., a spectralcatalyst). Many specifics of the various environmental reactionconditions are discussed in greater detail in the Section hereinentitled “Description of the Preferred Embodiments”.

[0125] V. Spectral Environmental Reaction Conditions

[0126] If it is known that certain reaction pathways will not occurwithin a reaction system (or not occur at a desirable rate) even when acatalyst is present unless, for example, certain minimum or maximumenvironmental reaction conditions are present (e.g., the temperatureand/or pressure is/are elevated), then an additional frequency orcombination of frequencies (i.e., an applied spectral energy pattern)can be applied to the reaction system. In this regard, spectralenvironmental reaction condition(s), can be applied instead of, or tosupplement, those environmental reaction conditions that are naturallypresent, or need to be present, in order for a desired reaction pathwayand/or desired reaction rate to be followed. The environmental reactionconditions that can be supplemented or replaced with spectralenvironmental reaction conditions include, for example, temperature,pressure, surface area of catalysts, catalyst size and shape, solvents,support materials, poisons, promoters, concentrations, electric fields,magnetic fields, etc.

[0127] Still further, a particular frequency or combination offrequencies and/or fields that can produce one or more spectralenvironmental reaction conditions can be combined with one or morespectral energy catalysts and/or spectral catalysts to generate anapplied spectral energy pattern. Accordingly, various considerations canbe taken into account for what particular frequency or combination offrequencies and/or fields may be desirable to combine with (or replace)various environmental reaction conditions, for example.

[0128] As an example, in a simple reaction, assume that a first reactant“A” has a frequency or simple spectral pattern of 3 THz and a secondreactant “B” has a frequency or simple spectral pattern of 7 THz. Atroom temperature, no reaction occurs. However, when reactants A and Bare exposed to high temperatures, their frequencies, or simple spectralpatterns, both shift to 5 THz. Since their frequencies match, theytransfer energy and a reaction occurs. By applying a frequency of 2 THz,at room temperature, the applied 2 THz frequency will heterodyne withthe 3 THz pattern to result in, both 1 Thz and 5 THz heterodynedfrequencies; while the applied frequency of 2 THz will heterodyne withthe spectral pattern of 7 THz of reactant “B” and result in heterodynedfrequencies of 5 THz and 9 THz in reactant “B”. Thus, the heterodynedfrequencies of 5 THz are generated at room temperature in each of thereactants “A” and “B”. Accordingly, frequencies in each of the reactantsmatch and thus energy can transfer between the reactants “A” and “B”.When the energy can transfer between such reactants, all desirablereactions along a reaction pathway may be capable of being achieved.However, in certain reactions, only some desirable reactions along areaction pathway are capable of being achieved by the application of asingular frequency. In these instances, additional frequencies and/orfields may need to be applied to result in all desirable steps along areaction pathway being met, including but not limited to, the formationof all required reaction intermediates and/or transients.

[0129] Thus, by applying a frequency, or combination of frequenciesand/or fields (i.e., creating an applied spectral energy pattern) whichcorresponds to at least one spectral environmental reaction condition,the spectral energy patterns (e.g., spectral patterns of, for example,reactant(s), intermediates, transients, catalysts, etc.) can beeffectively modified which may result in broader spectral energypatterns (e.g., broader spectral patterns), in some cases, or narrowerspectral energy patterns (e.g., spectral patterns) in other cases. Suchbroader or narrower spectral energy patterns (e.g., spectral patterns)may correspond to a broadening or narrowing of line widths in a spectralenergy pattern (e.g., a spectral pattern). As stated throughout herein,when frequencies match, energy transfers. In this particular embodiment,frequencies can be caused to match by, for example, broadening thespectral pattern of one or more participants in a reaction system. Forexample, as discussed in much greater detail later herein, theapplication of temperature to a reaction system typically causes thebroadening of one or more spectral patterns (e.g., line widthbroadening) of, for example, one or more reactants in the reactionsystem. It is this broadening of spectral patterns that can causespectral patterns of one or more reactants to, for example, overlap. Theoverlapping of the spectral patterns can cause frequencies to match, andthus energy to transfer. When energy is transferred, reactions canoccur. The scope of reactions which occur, include all of thosereactions along any particular reaction pathway. Thus, the broadening ofspectral pattern(s) can result in, for example, formation of reactionproduct, formation of and/or stimulation and/or stabilization ofreaction intermediates and/or transients, catalyst frequencies, poisons,promoters, etc. All of the environmental reaction conditions that arediscussed in detail in the section entitled “Detailed Description of thePreferred Embodiments” can be at least partially stimulated in areaction system by the application of a spectral environmental reactioncondition.

[0130] Similarly, spectral patterns can be caused to becomenon-overlapping by changing, for example, at least one spectralenvironmental reaction condition, and thus changing the applied spectralenergy pattern. In this instance, energy will not transfer (or the rateat which energy transfers can be reduced) and reactions will not occur(or the rates of reactions can be slowed).

[0131] Spectral environmental reaction conditions can be utilized tostart and/or stop reactions in a reaction pathway. Thus, certainreactions can be started, stopped, slowed and/or speeded up by, forexample, applying different spectral environmental reaction conditionsat different times during a reaction and/or at different intensities.Thus, spectral environmental reaction conditions are capable ofinfluencing, positively or negatively, reaction pathways and/or reactionrates in a reaction system.

[0132] VI. Designing Physical and Spectral Catalysts

[0133] Moreover, by utilizing the above techniques to design (e.g.,calculate or determine) a desirable spectral energy pattern, such as adesirable spectral pattern for a spectral energy catalyst (e.g.,spectral catalyst) rather than applying the spectral energy catalyst(e.g., spectral catalyst) per se, for example, the designed spectralpattern can be used to design and/or determine an optimum physicaland/or spectral catalyst that could be used in the reaction system.Further, the invention may be able to provide a recipe for a physicaland/or spectral catalyst for a particular reaction system where nocatalyst previously existed. For example in a reaction where:

A→I→B

[0134] where A=reactant, B=product and I=known intermediate, and thereis no known catalyst, either a physical or spectral catalyst that couldbe designed which, for example, resonates with the intermediate “I”,thereby catalyzing the reaction.

[0135] As a first step, the designed spectral pattern could be comparedto known spectral patterns for existing materials to determine ifsimilarities exist between the designed spectral pattern and spectralpatterns of known, materials. If the designed spectral pattern at leastpartially matches against a spectral pattern of a known material, thenit is possible to utilize the known material as a physical catalyst in areaction system. In this regard, it may be desirable to utilize theknown material alone or in combination with a spectral energy catalystand/or a spectral catalyst. Still further, it may be possible to utilizeenvironmental reaction conditions and/or spectral environmental reactionconditions to cause the known material to behave in a manner which iseven closer to the designed energy pattern or spectral pattern. Further,the application of different spectral energy patterns may cause thedesigned catalyst to behave in different manners, such as, for example,encouraging a first reaction pathway with the application of a firstspectral energy pattern and encouraging a second reaction pathway withthe application of a second spectral energy pattern. Likewise, thechanging of one or more environmental reaction conditions could have asimilar effect.

[0136] Further, this designed catalyst has applications in all types ofreactions including, but not limited to, chemical (organic andinorganic), biological, physical, energy, etc.

[0137] Still further, in certain cases, one or more physical speciescould be used or combined in a suitable manner, for example, physicalmixing or by a chemical reaction, to obtain a physical catalyst materialexhibiting the appropriate designed spectral energy pattern (e.g.,spectral pattern) to achieve a desired reaction pathway. Accordingly, acombination of designed catalyst(s) (e.g., a physical catalyst which isknown or manufactured expressly to function as a physical catalyst),spectral energy catalyst(s) and/or spectral catalyst(s) can result in aresultant energy pattern (e.g., which in this case can be a combinationof physical catalyst(s) and/or spectral catalyst(s)) which is conduciveto forming desired reaction product(s) and/or following a desiredreaction pathway at a desired reaction rate. In this regard, variousline width broadening and/or narrowing of spectral energy pattern(s)and/or spectral pattern(s) may occur when the designed catalyst iscombined with various spectral energy patterns and/or spectral patterns.

[0138] It is important to consider the energy interactions between allcomponents of the reaction system when calculating or determining anappropriate designed catalyst. There will be a particular combination ofspecific energy pattern(s) (e.g., electromagnetic energy) that willinteract with the designed catalyst to form an applied spectral energypattern. The particular frequencies, for example, of electromagneticradiation that should be caused to be applied to a reaction systemshould be as many of those frequencies as possible, when interactingwith the frequencies of the designed catalyst, that can result indesirable effects to one or more participants in the reaction system,while eliminating as many of those frequencies as possible which resultin undesirable effects within the reaction system.

[0139] VII. Spectral Pharmaceuticals

[0140] Many pharmaceutical agents act as catalysts in biochemicalreactions. While there are several types of exceptions, the effects ofthe preponderance of drugs result from their interaction with functionalmacromolecular components of the host organism. Such interaction altersthe function of the pertinent cellular components and thereby initiatesthe series of biochemical and physiological changes that arecharacteristic of the response to the drug.

[0141] A drug is usually described by its prominent effect or by theaction thought to be the basis of that effect. However, suchdescriptions should not obscure the fact that no drug produces only asingle effect. Morphine is correctly described as an analgesic, but italso suppresses the cough reflex, causes sedation, respiratorydepression, constipation, bronchiolar constriction, release ofhistamine, antiduresis, and a variety of other side effects. A drug isadequately characterized only in terms of its full spectrum of effectsand few drugs are sufficiently selective to be described as specific.

[0142] One of the objects of this invention is to provide a moretargeted mode for achieving a desired response from a biological systemby introducing a spectral energy catalyst (e.g., a spectral catalyst) inplace of, or to augment, pharmaceutical agents which may mimic theeffect or mechanism of action of a given enzyme, and thereby, limit theoccurrence of unwanted side effects commonly associated withpharmaceutical agents. Moreover, certain reactions can be achieved withspectral catalysts that are not achievable with any specific physicalcatalyst pharmaceutical.

[0143] A first embodiment of this aspect of the invention involves DHEAand melatonin which are both pharmaceuticals thought to be involved inslowing and/or reversing the aging process. The electromagnetic spectralpattern for DHEA and melatonin could be emitted from light bulbs presentin the home or the workplace. The resultant EM radiation can be absorbeddirectly into the central nervous system via the optic nerves andtracts, producing anti-aging effects at the site of the genesis of theaging phenomenon, namely, the central nervous system and thepineal-hypothalamus-pituitary system.

[0144] A second embodiment of this aspect of the invention involves alowering of LDL cholesterol levels with pharmaceutical spectral patternsemitted by, for example, coils in the mattress of a bed or in a mattresspad that negatively catalyzes HMG CoA reductase. Thus, desirable effectscan be achieved by targeting appropriate biologics with unique spectralpatterns designed to produce a desired reaction product.

[0145] A third embodiment of this aspect of the invention involves thetreatment of bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral illnesses usingspectral pharmaceuticals. Specifically, by generating the catalyticspectral pattern of known drug catalysts, similar effects to physicaldrug catalysts can be achieved.

[0146] Another embodiment of this aspect of the invention provides atreatment for asthma which involves the autonomic nervous system playinga key role in the control of bronchometer tone both in normal airwaysand in those of individuals with bronchospastic disease. The effects ofthe autonomic nervous system are thought to be mediated through theiraction on the stores of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and cyclicguanosine monophosphate (GMP) in bronchial smooth muscle cells. Further,acetycholine, or stimulation by the vagus nerve, is thought to providean increase in the amounts of cyclic GMP relative to cyclic AMP, leadingto smooth muscle contraction and asthma attacks. Conversely, an increasewithin bronchial smooth muscle cells in the levels of cyclic AMPrelative to cyclic GMP leads to relaxation of the bronchial muscles andthus provides a treatment for asthma. The enzyme, adenylate cyclase,catalyses the formation of cyclic AMP. Accordingly, by applying (e.g. apendant worn around the neck) the catalytic spectral pattern foradenylate cyclase, relief from asthma could be achieved.

[0147] Some of the most amazing physical catalysts are enzymes whichcatalyze the multitudinous reactions in living organisms. Of all theintricate processes that have evolved in living systems, none are morestriking or more essential than enzyme catalysis. The amazing fact aboutenzymes is that not only can they increase the rate of biochemicalreactions by factors ranging from 10⁶ to 10¹², but they are also highlyspecific. An enzyme acts only on certain molecules while leaving therest of the system unaffected. Some enzymes have been found to have ahigh degree of specificity while others can catalyze a number ofreactions. If a biological reaction can be catalyzed by only one enzyme,then the loss of activity or reduced activity of that enzyme couldgreatly inhibit the specific reaction and could be detrimental to aliving organism. If this situation occurs, a catalytic spectral energypattern could be determined for the exact enzyme or mechanism, thengenetic deficiencies could be augmented by providing the spectral energycatalyst to replace the enzyme.

[0148] VIII. Objects of the Invention

[0149] All of the above information disclosing the invention shouldprovide a comprehensive understanding of the main aspects of theinvention. However, in order to understand the invention further, theinvention shall now be discussed in terms of some of the representativeobjects or goals to be achieved.

[0150] 1. One object of this invention is to control or direct areaction pathway in a reaction system by applying a spectral energypattern in the form of a spectral catalyst having at least oneelectromagnetic energy frequency which may initiate, activate, and/oraffect at least one of the participants involved in the reaction system.

[0151] 2. Another object of the invention is to provide an efficient,selective and economical process for replacing a known physical catalystin a reaction system comprising the steps of:

[0152] duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of aphysical catalyst (e.g., at least one frequency of a spectral pattern ofa physical catalyst) to form a catalytic spectral pattern; and

[0153] applying to the reaction system at least a portion of thecatalytic spectral pattern.

[0154] 3. Another object of the invention is to provide a method toaugment a physical catalyst in a reaction system with its own catalyticspectral pattern comprising the steps of:

[0155] determining an electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physicalcatalyst; and

[0156] duplicating at least one frequency of the spectral pattern of thephysical catalyst with at least one electromagnetic energy emittersource to form a catalytic spectral pattern; and

[0157] applying to the reaction system at least one frequency of thecatalytic spectral pattern at a sufficient intensity and for asufficient duration to catalyze the formation of reaction product(s) inthe reaction system.

[0158] 4. Another object of the invention is to provide an efficient,selective and economical process for replacing a known physical catalystin a reaction system comprising the steps of:

[0159] duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of aphysical catalyst (e.g., at least one frequency of a spectral pattern ofa physical catalyst) to form a catalytic spectral pattern; and

[0160] applying to the reaction system at least a portion of thecatalytic spectral pattern; and,

[0161] applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern whichforms an applied spectral energy pattern when combined with saidcatalytic spectral pattern.

[0162] 5. Another object of the invention is to provide a method toreplace a physical catalyst in a reaction system comprising the stepsof:

[0163] determining an electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physicalcatalyst;

[0164] duplicating at least one frequency of the electromagneticspectral pattern of the physical catalyst with at least oneelectromagnetic energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectralpattern;

[0165] applying to the reaction system at least one frequency of thecatalytic spectral pattern; and

[0166] applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern to forman applied spectral energy pattern, said applied spectral energy patternbeing applied at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration tocatalyze the formation of at least one reaction product in the reactionsystem.

[0167] 6. Another object of this invention is to provide a method toaffect and/or direct a reaction system with a spectral catalyst byaugmenting a physical catalyst comprising the steps of:

[0168] duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of aphysical catalyst (e.g., at least one frequency of a spectral pattern ofthe physical catalyst) with at least one electromagnetic energy emittersource to form a catalytic spectral pattern;

[0169] applying to the reaction system, (e.g., irradiating) at least aportion of the catalytic spectral pattern (e.g., an electromagneticspectral pattern having a frequency range of from about radio frequencyto about ultraviolet frequency) at a sufficient intensity and for asufficient duration to catalyze the reaction system; and

[0170] introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction system.

[0171] The above method may be practiced by introducing the physicalcatalyst into the reaction system before, and/or during, and/or afterapplying said catalytic spectral pattern to the reaction system.

[0172] 7. Another object of this invention is to provide a method toaffect and/or direct a reaction system with a spectral energy catalystby augmenting a physical catalyst comprising the steps of:

[0173] applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficientintensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze the reaction system;

[0174] introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction system.

[0175] The above method may be practiced by introducing the physicalcatalyst into the reaction system before, and/or during, and/or afterapplying the spectral energy catalyst to the reaction system.

[0176] 8. Another object of this invention is to provide a method toaffect and/or direct a reaction system with a spectral catalyst and aspectral energy catalyst by augmenting a physical catalyst comprisingthe steps of:

[0177] applying at least one spectral catalyst at a sufficient intensityand for a sufficient duration to at least partially catalyze thereaction system;

[0178] applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficientintensity and for a sufficient duration to at least partially catalyzethe reaction system; and

[0179] introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction system.

[0180] The above method may be practiced by introducing the physicalcatalyst into the reaction system before, and/or during, and/or afterapplying the spectral catalyst and/or the spectral energy catalyst tothe reaction system. Moreover, the spectral catalyst and spectral energycatalyst may be applied simultaneously to form an applied spectralenergy pattern or they may be applied sequentially either at the sametime or at different times from when the physical catalyst is introducedinto the reaction system.

[0181] 9. Another object of this invention is to provide a method toaffect and/or direct a reaction system with a spectral catalyst and aspectral energy catalyst and a spectral environmental reactioncondition, with or without a physical catalyst, comprising the steps of:

[0182] applying at least one spectral catalyst at a sufficient intensityand for a sufficient duration to catalyze a reaction pathway;

[0183] applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficientintensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze a reaction pathway;

[0184] applying at last one spectral environmental reaction condition ata sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze areaction pathway, whereby when any of said at least one spectralcatalyst, said at least one spectral energy catalyst and/or at least onespectral environmental reaction condition are applied at the same time,they form an applied spectral energy pattern; and

[0185] introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction system.

[0186] The above method may be practiced by introducing the physicalcatalyst into the reaction system before, and/or during, and/or afterapplying any one of, or any combination of, the spectral catalyst and/orthe spectral energy catalyst and/or the spectral environmental reactioncondition to the reaction system. Likewise, the spectral catalyst and/orthe spectral energy catalyst and/or the spectral environmental reactioncondition can be provided sequentially or continuously.

[0187] 10. Another object of this invention is to provide a method toaffect and direct a reaction system with an applied spectral energypattern and a spectral energy catalyst comprising the steps of:

[0188] applying at least one applied spectral energy pattern at asufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze thereaction system, whereby said at least one applied spectral energypattern comprises at least two members selected from the groupconsisting of catalytic spectral energy pattern, catalytic spectralpattern, spectral catalyst, spectral energy catalyst, spectral energypattern, spectral environmental reaction condition and spectral pattern;and

[0189] applying at least one spectral energy catalyst to the reactionsystem.

[0190] The above method may be practiced by introducing the appliedspectral energy pattern into the reaction system before, and/or during,and/or after applying the spectral energy catalyst to the reactionsystem. Moreover, the spectral energy catalyst and the applied spectralenergy pattern can be provided sequentially or continuously. If appliedcontinuously, a new applied spectral energy pattern is formed.

[0191] 11. Another object of this invention is to provide a method toaffect and direct a reaction system with a spectral energy catalystcomprising the steps of:

[0192] determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern forstarting reactant(s) in said reaction system;

[0193] determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern forreaction product(s) in said reaction system;

[0194] calculating an additive spectral energy pattern (e.g., at leastone electromagnetic frequency) from said reactant(s) and reactionproduct(s) spectral energy patterns to determine a required spectralenergy catalyst (e.g., a spectral catalyst);

[0195] generating at least a portion of the required spectral energycatalyst (e.g., at least one electromagnetic frequency of the requiredspectral catalyst); and

[0196] applying to the reaction system (e.g., irradiating withelectromagnetic energy) said at least a portion of the required spectralenergy catalyst (e.g., spectral catalyst) to form desired reactionproduct(s).

[0197] 12. Another object of the invention is to provide a method toaffect and direct a reaction system with a spectral energy catalystcomprising the steps of:

[0198] targeting at least one participant in said reaction system withat least one spectral o energy catalyst to cause the formation and/orstimulation and/or stabilization of at least one transient and/or atleast one intermediate to result in desired reaction product(s).

[0199] 13. Another object of the invention is to provide a method forcatalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy pattern to result inat least one reaction product comprising:

[0200] applying at least one spectral energy pattern for a sufficienttime and at a sufficient intensity to cause the formation and/orstimulation and/or stabilization of at least one transient and/or atleast one intermediate to result in desired reaction product(s) at adesired reaction rate.

[0201] 14. Another object of the invention is to provide a method toaffect and direct a reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst andat least one of the spectral environmental reaction condition comprisingthe steps of:

[0202] applying at least one applied spectral energy catalyst to atleast one participant in said reaction system; and

[0203] applying at least one spectral environmental reaction conditionto said reaction system to cause the formation and/or stimulation and/orstabilization of at least one transient and/or at least one intermediateto permit desired reaction product(s) to form.

[0204] 15. Another object of the invention is to provide a method forcatalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst to resultin at least one reaction product comprising:

[0205] applying at least one frequency (e.g., electromagnetic) whichheterodynes with at least one reactant frequency to cause the formationof and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at least one transientand/or at least one intermediate to result in desired reactionproduct(s).

[0206] 16. Another object of the invention is to provide a method forcatalyzing a reaction system with at least one spectral energy patternresulting in at least one reaction product comprising:

[0207] applying a sufficient number of frequencies (e.g.,electromagnetic) and/or fields (e.g., electric and/or magnetic) toresult in an applied spectral energy pattern which stimulates alltransients and/or intermediates required in a reaction pathway to resultin desired reaction product(s).

[0208] 17. Another object of the invention is to provide a method forcatalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst resultingin at least one reaction product comprising:

[0209] targeting at least one participant in said reaction system withat least one frequency and/or field to form, indirectly, at least onetransient and/or at least one intermediate, whereby formation of said atleast one transient and/or at least one intermediate results in theformation of an additional at least one transient and/or at least oneadditional intermediate.

[0210] 18. It is another object of the invention to provide a method forcatalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst resultingin at least one reaction product comprising:

[0211] targeting at least one spectral energy catalyst to at least oneparticipant in said reaction system to form indirectly at least onetransient and/or at least one intermediate, whereby formation of said atleast one transient and/or at least one intermediate results in theformation of an additional at least one transient and/or at least oneadditional intermediate.

[0212] 19. It is a further object of the invention to provide a methodfor directing a reaction system along a desired reaction pathwaycomprising:

[0213] applying at least one targeting approach selected from the groupof approaches consisting of direct resonance targeting, harmonictargeting and non-harmonic heterodyne targeting.

[0214] In this regard, these targeting approaches can cause theformation and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at least onetransient and/or at least one intermediate to result in desired reactionproduct(s).

[0215] 20. It is another object of the invention to provide a method forcatalyzing a reaction system comprising:

[0216] applying at least one frequency to at least one participantand/or at least one component in said reaction system to cause theformation and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at least onetransient and/or at least one intermediate to result in desired reactionproduct(s), whereby said at least one frequency comprises at least onefrequency selected from the group consisting of direct resonancefrequencies, harmonic resonance frequencies, non-harmonic heterodyneresonance frequencies, electronic frequencies, vibrational frequencies,rotational frequencies, rotational-vibrational frequencies, finesplitting frequencies, hyperfine splitting frequencies, electric fieldsplitting frequencies, magnetic field splitting frequencies, cyclotronresonance frequencies, orbital frequencies and nuclear frequencies.

[0217] In this regard, the applied frequencies can include any desirablefrequency or combination of frequencies which resonates directly,harmonically or by a non-harmonic heterodyne technique, with at leastone participant and/or at least one component in said reaction system.

[0218] 21. It is another object of the invention to provide a method fordirecting a reaction system along with a desired reaction pathway with aspectral energy pattern comprising:

[0219] applying at least one frequency and/or field to cause thespectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern) of at least oneparticipant and/or at least one component in said reaction system to atleast partially overlap with the spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectralpattern) of at least one other participant and/or at least one othercomponent in said reaction system to permit the transfer of energybetween said at least two participants and/or components.

[0220] 22. It is another object of the invention to provide a method forcatalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy pattern resulting inat least one reaction product comprising:

[0221] applying at least one spectral energy pattern to cause thespectral energy pattern of at least one participant and/or component insaid reaction system to at least partially overlap with a spectralenergy pattern of at least one other participant and/or component insaid reaction system to permit the transfer of energy between the atleast two participants and/or components, thereby causing the formationof said at least one reaction product.

[0222] 23. It is a further object of the invention to provide a methodfor catalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy catalystresulting in at least one reaction product comprising:

[0223] applying at least one frequency and/or field to cause spectralenergy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern) broadening of at least oneparticipant (e.g., at least one reactant) and/or component in saidreaction system to cause a transfer of energy to occur resulting intransformation (e.g., chemically, physically, phase or otherwise) of atleast one participant and/or at least one component in said reactionsystem.

[0224] In this regard, the transformation may result in a reactionproduct which is of a different chemical composition and/or differentphysical or crystalline composition and/or phases than any of thechemical and/or physical or crystalline compositions and/or phases ofany starting reactant. Thus, only transients may be involved in theconversion of a reactant into a reaction product.

[0225] 24. It is a further object of the invention to provide a methodfor catalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy catalystresulting in at least one reaction product comprising:

[0226] applying an applied spectral energy pattern to cause spectralenergy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern) broadening of at least oneparticipant (e.g., at least one reactant) and/or component in saidreaction system to cause a transfer of energy to occur resulting intransformation (e.g., chemically, physically, phase or otherwise) of atleast one participant and/or at least one component in said reactionsystem.

[0227] In this regard, the transformation may result in a reactionproduct which is of a different chemical composition and/or differentphysical or crystalline composition and/or phase than any of thechemical and/or physical or crystalline compositions and/or phases ofany starting reactant. Thus, only transients may be involved in theconversion of a reactant into a reaction product.

[0228] 25. Another object of the invention is to provide a method forcontrolling a reaction and/or directing a reaction pathway by utilizingat least one spectral environmental reaction condition, comprising:

[0229] forming a reaction system; and

[0230] applying at least one spectral environmental reaction conditionto direct said reaction system along a desired reaction pathway.

[0231] In this regard, the applied spectral environmental reactioncondition can be used alone or in combination with other environmentalreaction conditions to achieve desired results. Further, additionalspectral energy patterns may also be applied, simultaneously and/orcontinuously with said spectral environmental reaction condition.

[0232] 26. Another object of the invention is to provide a method fordesigning a catalyst where no catalyst previously existed (e.g., aphysical catalyst and/or spectral energy catalyst), to be used in areaction system, comprising:

[0233] determining a required spectral pattern to obtain a desiredreaction and/or desired reaction pathway and/or desired reaction rate;and

[0234] designing a catalyst material, or combination of materials,and/or spectral energy catalysts) that exhibit(s) a spectral patternthat approximates the required spectral pattern.

[0235] In this regard, the designed catalyst material may comprise be aphysical admixing of one or more materials and/or more materials thathave been combined by an appropriate reaction, such as a chemicalreaction. The designed material may be enhanced in function by one ormore spectral energy patterns that may also be applied to the reactionsystem. Moreover, the application of different spectral energy patternsmay cause the designed material to behave in different manners, such as,for example, encouraging a first reaction pathway with the applicationof a first spectral energy pattern and encouraging a second reactionpathway with the application of a second spectral energy pattern.Likewise, the changing of one or more environmental reaction conditionscould have a similar effect.

[0236] Further, this designed material has applications in all types ofreactions including, but not limited to, chemical (organic andinorganic), biological, physical, etc.

[0237] While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory orexplanation of operation, it is believed that when frequencies match,energy transfers. The transfer of energy can be a sharing of energybetween two entities and/or, for example, a transfer of energy from oneentity into another entity. The entities may both be, for example,matter, or one entity may be matter and the other energy (e.g. energymay be a spectral energy pattern such as electromagnetic frequencies,and/or an electric field and/or a magnetic field).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0238]FIGS. 1a and 1 b show a graphic representation of an acoustic orelectromagnetic wave.

[0239]FIG. 1c shows the combination wave which results from thecombining of the waves in FIG. 1a and FIG. 1b.

[0240]FIGS. 2a and 2 b show waves of different amplitudes but the samefrequency. FIG. 2a shows a low amplitude wave and FIG. 2b shows a highamplitude wave.

[0241]FIGS. 3a and 3 b show frequency diagrams. FIG. 3a shows a time vs.amplitude plot and FIG. 3b shows a frequency vs. amplitude plot.

[0242]FIG. 4 shows a specific example of a heterodyne progression.

[0243]FIG. 5 shows a graphical example of the heterodyned series fromFIG. 4.

[0244]FIG. 6 shows fractal diagrams.

[0245]FIGS. 7a and 7 b show hydrogen energy level diagrams.

[0246]FIGS. 8a-8 c show three different simple reaction profiles.

[0247]FIGS. 9a and 9 b show fine frequency diagram curves for hydrogen.

[0248]FIG. 10 shows various frequencies and intensities for hydrogen.

[0249]FIGS. 11a and 11 b show two light amplification diagrams withstimulated emission/population inversions.

[0250]FIG. 12 shows a resonance curve where the resonance frequency isf_(o), an upper frequency=f₂ and a lower frequency=f₁, wherein f₁ and f₂are at about 50% of the amplitude of f₀.

[0251]FIGS. 13a and 13 b show two different resonance curves havingdifferent quality factors. FIG. 13a shows a narrow resonance curve witha high Q and FIG. 13b shows a broad resonance curve with a low Q.

[0252]FIG. 14 shows two different energy transfer curves at fundamentalresonance frequencies (curve A) and a harmonic frequency (curve B).

[0253]FIGS. 15a-c show how a spectral pattern varies at three differenttemperatures. FIG. 15a is at a low temperature, FIG. 15b is at amoderate temperature and FIG. 15c is at a high temperature.

[0254]FIG. 16 is spectral curve showing a line width which correspondsto f₂- f₁.

[0255]FIGS. 17a and 17 b show two amplitude vs. frequency curves. FIG.17a shows distinct spectral curves at low temperature; and FIG. 17bshows overlapping of spectral curves at a higher temperature.

[0256]FIG. 18a shows the influence of temperature on the resolution ofinfrared absorption spectra; FIG. 18b shows blackbody radiation; andFIG. 18c shows curves A and C at low temperature, and broadened curves Aand C* at higher temperature, with C* also shifted.

[0257]FIG. 19 shows spectral patterns which exhibit the effect ofpressure broadening on the compound NH₃.

[0258]FIG. 20 shows the theoretical shape of pressure-broadened lines atthree different pressures for a single compound.

[0259]FIGS. 21a and 21 b are two graphs which show experimentalconfirmation of changes in spectral patterns at increased pressures.FIG. 21a corresponds to a spectral pattern representing the absorptionof water vapor in air and FIG. 21b is a spectral pattern whichcorresponds to the absorption of NH₃ at one atmosphere pressure.

[0260]FIG. 22a shows a representation of radiation from a single atomand FIG. 22b shows a representation of radiation from a group of atoms.

[0261]FIGS. 23a-d show four different spectral curves, three of whichexhibit self-absorption patterns. FIG. 23a is a standard spectral curvenot showing any self-absorption; FIG. 23b shows the shifting of resonantfrequency due to self absorption; FIG. 23c shows a self-reversalspectral pattern due to self-absorption; and FIG. 23d shows anattenuation example of a self-reversal spectral pattern.

[0262]FIGS. 24a shows an absorption spectra of alcohol and phthalic acidin hexane; FIG. 24b shows an absorption spectra for the absorption ofiodine in alcohol and carbon tetracholoride; and FIG. 24c shows theeffect of mixtures of alcohol and benzene on the solute phenylazophenol.

[0263]FIG. 25a shows a tetrahedral unit representation of aluminum oxideand FIG. 25b shows a representation of a tetrahedral units for silicondioxide.

[0264]FIG. 26a shows a truncated octahedron crystal structure foraluminum or silicon combined with oxygen and FIG. 26b shows a pluralityof truncated octahedrons joined together to represent zeolite. FIG. 26cshows truncated octahedrons for zeolites “X” and “Y” which are joinedtogether by oxygen bridges.

[0265]FIG. 27 is a graph which shows the influence of copper and bismuthon zinc/cadmium line ratios.

[0266]FIG. 28 is a graph which shows the influence of magnesium oncopper/aluminum intensity ratio.

[0267]FIG. 29 shows the concentration effects on the atomic spectrafrequencies of N-methyl urethane in carbon tetrachloride solutions atthe following concentrations: a) 0.01M; b) 0.03M; c) 0.06M; d) 0.10M; 3)0.15M.

[0268]FIG. 30 shows plots corresponding to the emission spectrum ofhydrogen. Specifically, FIG. 30a corresponds to Balmer Series 2 forhydrogen; and FIG. 30b corresponds to emission spectrum for the 456 THzfrequency of hydrogen.

[0269]FIG. 31 corresponds to a high resolution laser saturation spectrumfor the 456 THz frequency of hydrogen.

[0270]FIG. 32 shows fine splitting frequencies which exist under atypical spectral curve.

[0271]FIG. 33 corresponds to a diagram of atomic electron levels (n) infine structure frequencies (a).

[0272]FIG. 34 shows fine structures of the n=1 and n=2 levels of ahydrogen atom.

[0273]FIG. 35 shows multiplet splittings for the lowest energy levels ofcarbon, oxygen and fluorine: 43.5 cm=1.3 THz; 16.4 cm⁻¹=490 GHz; 226.5cm⁻¹=6.77 THz; 158.5 cm⁻¹=4.74 THz; 404 cm⁻¹=12.1 THz.

[0274]FIG. 36 shows a vibration band of SF₆ at a wavelength of 10 μm².

[0275]FIG. 37a shows a spectral pattern similar to that shown in FIG.36, with a particular frequency magnified. FIG. 37b shows fine structurefrequencies in greater detail for the compound SF₆.

[0276]FIG. 38 shows an energy level diagram which corresponds todifferent energy levels for a molecule where rotational corresponds to“J”, vibrational corresponds to “v” and electronic levels correspond to“n”.

[0277]FIGS. 39a and 39 b correspond to pure rotational absorptionspectrum of gaseous hydrogen chloride as recorded with aninterferometer; FIG. 39b shows the same spectrum of FIG. 39a at a lowerresolution (i.e., not showing any fine frequencies).

[0278]FIG. 40 corresponds to the rotational spectrum for hydrogencyanide. “J” corresponds to the rotational level.

[0279]FIG. 41 shows a spectrum corresponding to the additive heterodyneof v₁ and v₅ in the spectral band showing the frequency band at A(v₁−v₅), B=v₁−2v₅.

[0280]FIG. 42 shows a graphical representation of fine structurespectrum showing the first four rotational frequencies for CO in theground state. The difference (heterodyne) between the molecular finestructure rotational frequencies is 2× the rotational constant B (i.e.,f₂−f₁=2B). In this case, B=57.6 GHz (57,635.970 MHz).

[0281]FIG. 43a shows rotational and vibrational frequencies (MHz) forLiF. FIG. 43b shows differences between rotational and vibrationalfrequencies for LiF.

[0282]FIG. 44 shows the rotational transition J=1→2 for the triatomicmolecule OCS. The vibrational state is given by vibrational quantumnumbers in brackets (v₁, v₂, v₃), v₂have a superscript [l]. In thiscase, l=1. A subscript 1 is applied to the lower-frequency component ofthe l-type doublet, and 2 to the higher-frequency components. The twolines at (01¹0) and (01¹0) are an l-type doublet, separated by q₁.

[0283]FIG. 45 shows the rotation-vibration band and fine structurefrequencies for SF₆.

[0284]FIG. 46 shows a fine structure spectrum for SF₆ from zero to 300being magnified.

[0285]FIGS. 47a and 47 b show the magnification of two curves from finestructure of SF₆ showing hyperfine structure frequencies. Note theregular spacing of the hyperfine structure curves. FIG. 47a showsmagnification of the curve marked with a single asterisk (*) in FIG. 46and FIG. 47b shows the magnification of the curved marked with a doubleasterisk (**) in FIG. 46.

[0286]FIG. 48 shows an energy level diagram corresponding to thehyperfine splitting for the hyperfine structure in the n=2 to n=3transition for hydrogen.

[0287]FIG. 49 shows the hyperfine structure in the J=1→2 to rotationaltransition of CH₃I.

[0288]FIG. 50 shows the hyperfine structure of the J=1→2 transition forClCN in the ground vibrational state.

[0289]FIG. 51 shows energy level diagrams and hyperfine frequencies forthe NO molecule.

[0290]FIG. 52 shows a spectrum corresponding to the hyperfinefrequencies for NH₃.

[0291]FIG. 53 shows hyperfine structure and doubling of the NH₃ spectrumfor rotational level J=3. The upper curves in FIG. 53 show experimentaldata, while the lower curves are derived from theoretical calculations.Frequency increases from left to right in 60 KHz intervals.

[0292]FIG. 54 shows a hyperfine structure and doubling of NH₃ spectrumfor rotational level J=4. The upper curves in each of FIGS. 54 showexperimental data, while the lower curves are derived from theoreticalcalculations. Frequency increases from left to right in 60 KHzintervals.

[0293]FIG. 55 shows a Stark effect for potassium. In particular, theschematic dependence of the 4_(s) and 5_(p) energy levels on theelectric field.

[0294]FIG. 56 shows a graph plotting the deviation from zero-fieldpositions of the 5p²P_(1/2)←4s²S_(1/2.3/2) transition wavenumbersagainst the square of the electric field.

[0295]FIG. 57 shows the frequency components of the J=0→1 rotationaltransition for CH₃Cl, as a function of field strength. Frequency isgiven in megacycles (MHz) and electric field strength (esu cm) is givenas the square of the field E², in esu²/cm².

[0296]FIG. 58 shows the theoretical and experimental measurements ofStark effect in the J=1→2 transition of the molecule OCS. The unalteredabsolute rotational frequency is plotted at zero, and the frequencysplitting and shifting is denoted as MHz higher or lower than theoriginal frequency.

[0297]FIG. 59 shows patterns of Stark components for transitions in therotation of an asymmetric top molecule. Specifically, FIG. 59a shows theJ=4→5 transitions; and FIG. 59b shows the J=4→4 transitions. Theelectric field is large enough for complete spectral resolution.

[0298]FIG. 60 shows the Stark effect for the OCS molecule on the J=1→2transition with applied electric fields at various frequencies. The “a”,curve represents the Stark effect with a static DC electric field; the“b” curve represents broadening and blurring of the Stark frequencieswith a 1 KHz electric field; and the “c” curve represents normal Starktype effect with electric field of 1,200 KHz.

[0299]FIG. 61a shows a construction of a Stark waveguide and FIG. 61bshows a distribution of fields in the Starck waveguide.

[0300]FIG. 62a shows the Zeeman effect for sodium “D” lines; and FIG.62b shows the energy level diagram for transitions in the Zeeman effectfor sodium “D” lines.

[0301]FIG. 63 is a graph which shows the splitting of the ground term ofthe oxygen atom as a function of magnetic field.

[0302]FIG. 64 is a graphic which shows the dependence of the Zeemaneffect on magnetic field strength for the “3P” state of silicon.

[0303]FIG. 65a is a pictorial which shows a normal Zeeman effect andFIG. 65b is a pictorial which shows an anomolous Zeeman effect.

[0304]FIG. 66 shows anomalous Zeeman effect for zinc ³P→³S.

[0305]FIG. 67a shows a graphic representation of four Zeeman splittingfrequencies and FIG. 67b shows a graphic representation of four newheterodyned differences.

[0306]FIGS. 68a and 68 b show graphs of typical Zeeman splittingpatterns for two different transitions in a paramagnetic molecule.

[0307]FIG. 69 shows the frequencies of hydrogen listed horizontallyacross the Table; and the frequencies of platinum listed vertically onthe Table.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0308] In general, thermal energy is used to drive chemical reactions byapplying heat and increasing the temperature. The addition of heatincreases the kinetic (motion) energy of the chemical reactants. Areactant with more kinetic energy moves faster and farther, and is morelikely to take part in a chemical reaction. Mechanical energy likewise,by stirring and moving the chemicals, increases their kinetic energy andthus their reactivity. The addition of mechanical energy often increasestemperature, by increasing kinetic energy.

[0309] Acoustic energy is applied to chemical reactions as orderlymechanical waves. Because of its mechanical nature, acoustic energy canincrease the kinetic energy of chemical reactants, and can also elevatetheir temperature(s). Electromagnetic (EM) energy consists of waves ofelectric and magnetic fields. EM energy may also increase the kineticenergy and heat in reaction systems. It may energize electronic orbitalsor vibrational motion in some reactions.

[0310] Both acoustic and electromagnetic energy may consist of waves.The number of waves in a period of time can be counted. Waves are oftendrawn, as in FIG. 1a. Usually, time is placed on the horizontal X-axis.The vertical Y-axis shows the strength or intensity of the wave. This isalso called the amplitude. A weak wave will be of weak intensity andwill have low amplitude (see FIG. 2a). A strong wave will have highamplitude (see FIG. 2b). Traditionally, the number of waves per secondis counted, to obtain the frequency.

Frequency=Number of waves/time=Waves/second=Hz.

[0311] Another name for “waves per second”, is “hertz” (abbreviated“Hz”). Frequency is drawn on wave diagrams by showing a different numberof waves in a period of time (see FIG. 3a which shows waves having afrequency of 2 Hz and 3 Hz). It is also drawn by placing frequencyitself, rather than time, on the X-axis (see FIG. 3b which shows thesame 2 Hz and 3Hz waves plotted differently).

[0312] Energy waves and frequency have some interesting properties, andmay interact in some interesting ways. The manner in which wave energiesinteract, depends largely on the frequency. For example, when two wavesof energy interact, each having the same amplitude, but one at afrequency of 400 Hz and the other at 100 Hz, the waves will add theirfrequencies, to produce a new frequency of 500 Hz (i.e., the “sum”frequency). The frequency of the waves will also subtract to produce afrequency of 300 HZ (i.e., the “difference” frequency). All waveenergies typically add and subtract in this manner, and such adding andsubtracting is referred to as heterodyning. Common results ofheterodyning are familiar to most as harmonics in music.

[0313] There is a mathematical, as well as musical basis, to theharmonics produced by heterodyning. Consider, for example, a continuousprogression of heterodyned frequencies. As discussed above, beginningwith 400 Hz and 100 Hz, the sum frequency is 500 Hz and the differencefrequency is 300 Hz. If these frequencies are further heterodyned (addedand subtracted) then new frequencies of 800 (i.e., 500+300) and 200(i.e., 500−300) are obtained. The further heterodyning of 800 and 200results in 1,000 and 600 Hz as shown in FIG. 4.

[0314] A mathematical pattern begins to emerge. Both the sum and thedifference columns contain alternating series of numbers that doublewith each set of heterodynes. In the sum column, 400 Hz, 800 Hz, and1,600 Hz, alternates with 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, and 2000 Hz. The same sort ofdoubling phenomenon occurs in the difference column.

[0315] Heterodyning of frequencies is the natural process that occurswhenever waveform energies interact. Heterodyning results in patterns ofincreasing numbers that are mathematically derived. The number patternsare integer multiples of the original frequencies. These multiples arecalled harmonics. For example, 800 Hz and 1600 Hz are harmonics of 400Hz. In musical terms, 800 Hz is one octave above 400 Hz, and 1600 Hz istwo octaves higher. It is important to understand the mathematicalheterodyne basis for harmonics, which occurs in all waveform energies,and thus in all of nature.

[0316] The mathematics of frequencies is very important. Frequencyheterodynes increase mathematically in visual patterns (see FIG. 5).Mathematics has a name for these visual patterns of FIG. 5. Thesepatterns are called fractals. A fractal is defined as a mathematicalfunction which produces a series of self-similar patterns or numbers.Fractal patterns have spurred a great deal of interest historicallybecause fractal patterns are found everywhere in nature. Fractals can befound in the patterning of large expanses of coastline, all the way downto microorganisms. Fractals are found in the behavior of organizedinsects and in the behavior of fluids. The visual patterns produced byfractals are very distinct and recognizable. A typical fractal patternis shown in FIG. 6.

[0317] A heterodyne is a mathematical function, governed by mathematicalequations, just like a fractal. A heterodyne also produces self-similarpatterns of numbers, like a fractal. If graphed, a heterodyne seriesproduces the same familiar visual shape and form which is socharacteristic of fractals. It is interesting to compare the heterodyneseries in FIG. 5, with the fractal series in FIG. 6.

[0318] Heterodynes are fractals; the conclusion is inescapable.Heterodynes and fractals are both mathematical functions which produce aseries of self-similar patterns or numbers. Wave energies interact inheterodyne patterns. Thus, all wave energies interact as fractalpatterns. Once it is understood that the fundamental process ofinteracting energies is itself a fractal process, it becomes easier tounderstand why so many creatures and systems in nature also exhibitfractal patterns. The fractal processes and patterns of nature areestablished at a fundamental or basic level.

[0319] Accordingly, since energy interacts by heterodyning, mattershould also be capable of interacting by a heterodyning process. Allmatter whether in large or small forms, has what is called a naturaloscillatory frequency. The natural oscillatory frequency (“NOF”) of anobject, is the frequency at which the object prefers to vibrate, onceset in motion. The NOF of an object is related to many factors includingsize, shape, dimension, and composition. The smaller an object is, thesmaller the distance it has to cover when it oscillates back and forth.The smaller the distance, the faster it can oscillate, and the higherits NOF.

[0320] For example, consider a wire composed of metal atoms. The wirehas a natural oscillatory frequency. The individual metal atoms alsohave unique natural oscillatory frequencies. The NOF of the atoms andthe NOF of the wire heterodyne by adding and subtracting, just the wayenergy heterodynes.

NOF _(atom) +NOF _(wire)=Sum Frequency_(atom+wire)

and

NOF _(atom) −NOF _(wire)=Difference Frequency_(atom−wire)

[0321] If the wire is stimulated with the DifferenceFrequency_(atom−wire), the difference frequency will heterodyne (add)with the NOF_(wire) to produce NOF_(atom), (natural oscillatoryfrequency of the atom) and the atom will absorb with the energy, therebybecoming stimulated to a higher energy level. Cirac and Zoeller reportedthis phenomenon in 1995, and they used a laser to generate theDifference Frequency.

Difference Frequency_(atom−wire) +NOF _(wire) =NOF _(atom)

[0322] Matter heterodynes with matter in a manner similar to the way inwhich wave energies heterodyne with other wave energies. This means thatmatter in its various states may also interact in fractal processes.This interaction of matter by fractal processes assists in explainingwhy so many creatures and systems in nature exhibit fractal processesand patterns. Matter, as well as energy, interacts by the mathematicalequations of heterodynes, to produce harmonics and fractal patterns.That is why there are fractals everywhere around us.

[0323] Thus, energy heterodynes with energy, and matter heterodynes withmatter. However, perhaps even more important is that matter canheterodyne with energy (and visa versa). In the metal wire discussionabove, the Difference Frequency_(atom−wire) in the experiment by Ciracand Zoeller was provided by a laser which used electromagnetic waveenergy at a frequency equal to the Difference Frequency_(atom−wire). Thematter in the wire, via its natural oscillatory frequency, heterodynedwith the electromagnetic wave energy frequency of the laser to producethe frequency of an individual atom of matter. This shows that energyand matter do heterodyne with each other.

[0324] In general, when energy encounters matter, one of threepossibilities occur. The energy either bounces off the matter (i.e., isreflected energy), passes through the matter (i.e., is transmittedenergy), or interacts and/or combines with the matter (e.g., is absorbedor heterodynes with the matter). If the energy heterodynes with thematter, new frequencies of energy and/or matter will be produced bymathematical processes of sums and differences. If the frequency thusproduced matches an NOF of the matter, the energy will be, at leastpartially, absorbed, and the matter will be stimulated to, for example,a higher energy level, (i.e., it possesses more energy). A crucialfactor which determines which of these three possibilities will happenis the frequency of the energy compared to the frequency of the matter.If the frequencies do not match, the energy will either be reflected, orwill pass on through as transmitted energy. If the frequencies of theenergy and the matter match either directly (e.g., are close to eachother, as discussed in greater detail later herein), or match indirectly(e.g., heterodynes), then the energy is capable of interacting and/orcombining with the matter.

[0325] Another term often used for describing the matching offrequencies is resonance. In this invention, use of the term resonancewill typically mean that frequencies of matter and/or energy match. Forexample, if the frequency of energy and the frequency of matter match,the energy and matter are in resonance and the energy is capable ofcombining with the matter. Resonance, or frequency matching, is merelyan aspect of heterodyning that permits the coherent transfer andcombination of energy with matter.

[0326] In the example above with the wire and atoms, resonance couldhave been created with the atom, by stimulating the atom with a laserfrequency exactly matching the NOF of the atom. In this case, the atomwould be energized with its own resonant frequency and the energy wouldbe transferred to the atom directly. Alternatively, as was performed inthe actual wire/laser experiment, resonance could also have been createdwith the atom by using the heterodyning that naturally occurs betweendiffering frequencies. Thus, the resonant frequency of the atom(NOF_(atom)) can be produced indirectly, as an additive (or subtractive)heterodyned frequency, between the resonant frequency of the wire(NOF_(wire)) and the applied frequency of the laser. Either directresonance, or indirect resonance through heterodyned frequency matching,produces resonance and thus permits the combining of matter and energy.When frequencies match, energy transfers.

[0327] Heterodyning produces indirect resonance. Heterodyning alsoproduces harmonics, (i.e., frequencies that are integer multiples of theresonant (NOF) frequency. For example, the music note “A” isapproximately 440 Hz. If that frequency is doubled to about 880 Hz, thenote “A” is heard an octave higher. This first octave is called thefirst harmonic. Doubling the note or frequency again, from 880 Hz to1,760 Hz (i.e., four times the frequency of the original note) resultsin another “A”, two octaves above the original note. This is called thethird harmonic. Every time the frequency is doubled another octave isachieved, so these are the even integer multiples of the resonantfrequency.

[0328] In between the first and third harmonic is the second harmonic,which is three times the original note. Musically, this is not an octavelike the first and third harmonics. It is an octave and a fifth, equalto the second “E” above the original “A”. All of the odd integermultiples are fifths, rather than octaves. Because harmonics are simplymultiples of the fundamental natural oscillatory frequency, harmonicsstimulate the NOF or resonant frequency indirectly. Thus by playing thehigh “A” at 880 Hz on a piano, the string for middle “A” at 440 Hzshould also begin to vibrate due to the phenomenon of harmonics.

[0329] Matter and energy in chemical reactions respond to harmonics ofresonant frequencies much the way musical instruments do. Thus, theresonant frequency of the atom (NOF_(atom)) can be stimulatedindirectly, using one or more of its' harmonic frequencies. This isbecause the harmonic frequency heterodynes with the resonant frequencyof the atom itself (NOF_(atom)). For example, in the wire/atom exampleabove, if the laser is tuned to 800 THz and the atom resonates at 400THz, heterodyning the two frequencies results in:

800 THz−400 THz=400 THz

[0330] The 800 THz (the atom's first harmonic), heterodynes with theresonant frequency of the atom, to produce the atom's own resonantfrequency. Thus the first harmonic indirectly resonates with the atom'sNOF, and stimulates the atom's resonant frequency as a first generationheterodyne.

[0331] Of course, the two frequencies will also heterodyne in the otherdirection, producing:

800 THz+400 THz=1,200 THz

[0332] The 1,200 THz frequency is not the resonant frequency of theatom. Thus, part of the energy of the laser will heterodyne to producethe resonant frequency of the atom. The other part of the energy of thelaser heterodynes to a different frequency, that does not itselfstimulate the resonant frequency of the atom. That is why thestimulation of an object by a harmonic frequency of particular strengthof amplitude, is typically less than the stimulation by its' ownresonant (NOF) frequency at the same particular strength.

[0333] Although it appears that half the energy of a harmonic is wasted,that is not necessarily the case. Referring again to the exemplary atomvibrating at 400 THz, exposing the atom to electromagnetic energyvibrating at 800 THz will result in frequencies subtracting and addingas follows:

800 THz−400 THz=400 THz

and

800 THz+400 THz=1,200 THz

[0334] The 1,200 THz heterodyne, for which about 50% of the energyappears to be wasted, will heterodyne with other frequencies also, suchas 800 THz. Thus,

1,200 THz−800 THz=400 THz

[0335] Also, the 1,200 THz will heterodyne with 400 THz:

1,200 THz−400 THz=800 THz,

[0336] thus producing 800 THz, and the 800 THz will heterodyne with 400THz:

800 THz−400 THz=400 THz,

[0337] thus producing 400 THz frequency again. When other generations ofheterodynes of the seemingly wasted energy are taken into consideration,the amount of energy transferred by a first harmonic frequency is muchgreater than the previously suggested 50% transfer of energy. There isnot as much energy transferred by this approach when compared to directresonance, but this energy transfer is sufficient to produce a desiredeffect (see FIG. 14).

[0338] As stated previously, Ostwald's theories on catalysts and bondformation were based on the kinetic theories of chemistry from the turnof the century. However, it should now be understood that chemicalreactions are interactions of matter, and that matter interacts withother matter through resonance and heterodyning of frequencies; andenergy can just as easily interact with matter through a similarprocesses of resonance and heterodyning. With the advent of spectroscopy(discussed in more detail elsewhere herein), it is evident that matterproduces, for example, electromagnetic energy at the same orsubstantially the same frequencies at which it vibrates. Energy andmatter can move about and recombine with other energy or matter, as longas their frequencies match, because when frequencies match, energytransfers. In many respects, both philosophically and mathematically,both matter and energy can be fundamentally construed as correspondingto frequency. Accordingly, since chemical reactions are recombinationsof matter driven by energy, chemical reactions are in effect, drivenjust as much by frequency.

[0339] Analysis of a typical chemical reaction should be helpful inunderstanding the normal processes disclosed herein. A representativereaction to examine is the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygengases, catalyzed by platinum. Platinum has been known for some time tobe a good hydrogen catalyst, although the reason for this has not beenwell understood.

[0340] This reaction is proposed to be a chain reaction, depending onthe generation and stabilization of the hydrogen and hydroxyintermediates. The proposed reaction chain is:

[0341] Generation of the hydrogen and hydroxy intermediates are thoughtto be crucial to this reaction chain. Under normal circumstances,hydrogen and oxygen gas can be mixed together for an indefinite amountof time, and they will not form water. Whenever the occasional hydrogenmolecule splits apart, the hydrogen atoms do not have adequate energy tobond with an oxygen molecule to form water. The hydrogen atoms are veryshort-lived as they simply re-bond again to form a hydrogen molecule.Exactly how platinum catalyzes this reaction chain is a mystery to theprior art.

[0342] The present invention teaches that an important step tocatalyzing this reaction is the understanding now provided that it iscrucial not only to generate the intermediates, but also to energizeand/or stabilize (i.e., maintain the intermediates for a longer time),so that the intermediates have sufficient energy to, for example, reactwith other components in the reaction system. In the case of platinum,the intermediates react with the reactants to form product and moreintermediates (i.e., by generating, energizing and stabilizing thehydrogen intermediate, it has sufficient energy to react with themolecular oxygen reactant, forming water and the hydroxy intermediate,instead of falling back into a hydrogen molecule). Moreover, byenergizing and stabilizing the hydroxy intermediates, the hydroxyintermediates can react with more reactant hydrogen molecules, and againwater and more intermediates result from this chain reaction. Thus,generating energizing and/or stabilizing the intermediates, influencesthis reaction pathway. Paralleling nature in this regard would bedesirable (e.g., nature can be paralleled by increasing the energylevels of the intermediates). Specifically, desirable, intermediates canbe energized and/or stabilized by applying at least one appropriateelectromagnetic frequency resonant with the intermediate, therebystimulating the intermediate to a higher energy level. Interestingly,that is what platinum does (e.g., various platinum frequencies resonatewith the intermediates on the reaction pathway for water formation).Moreover, in the process of energizing and stabilizing the reactionintermediates, platinum fosters the generation of more intermediates,which allows the reaction chain to continue, and thus catalyzes thereaction.

[0343] As a catalyst, platinum takes advantage of many of the ways thatfrequencies interact with each other. Specifically, frequencies interactand resonate with each other: 1) directly, by matching a frequency; or2) indirectly, by matching a frequency through harmonics or heterodynes.In other words, platinum vibrates at frequencies which both directlymatch the natural oscillatory frequencies of the intermediates, andwhich indirectly match their frequencies, for example, by heterodyningharmonics with the intermediates.

[0344] Further, in addition to the specific intermediates of thereaction discussed above herein, it should be understood that in thisreaction, like in all reactions, various transients or transient statesalso exist. In some cases, transients or transient states may onlyinvolve different bond angles between similar chemical species or inother cases transients may involve completely different chemistriesaltogether. In any event, it should be understood that numeroustransient states exist between any particular combination of reactantand reaction product.

[0345] It should now be understood that physical catalysts produceeffects by generating, energizing and/or stabilizing all manner oftransients, as well as intermediates. In this regard, FIG. 8a shows asingle reactant and a single product. The point “A” corresponds to thereactant and the point “B” corresponds to the reaction product. Thepoint “C” corresponds to an activated complex. Transients correspond toall those points on the curve between reactant “A” and product “B”, andcan also include the activated complex “C”.

[0346] In a more complex reaction which involves formation of at leastone intermediate, the reaction profile looks somewhat different. In thisregard, reference is made to FIG. 8b, which shows reactant “A”, product“B”, activated complex “C′ and C″, and intermediate “D”. In thisparticular example, the intermediate “D” exists as a minimum in theenergy reaction profile of the reaction, while it is surrounded by theactivated complexes C′ and C″. However, again, in this particularreaction, transients correspond to anything between the reactant “A” andthe reaction product “B”, which in this particular example, includes thetwo activated complexes “C′” and “C″,” as well as the intermediate “D”.In the particular example of hydrogen and oxygen combining to formwater, the reaction profile is closer to that shown in FIG. 8c. In thisparticular reaction profile, “D′” and “D″” could correspond generally tothe intermediates of the hydrogen atom and hydroxy molecule.

[0347] Now, with specific reference to the reaction to form water, bothintermediates are good examples of how platinum produces resonance in anintermediate by directly matching a frequency. Hydroxy intermediatesvibrate strongly at frequencies of 975 THz and 1,060 THz. Platinum alsovibrates at 975 THz and 1,060 THz. By directly matching the frequenciesof the hydroxy intermediates, platinum can cause resonance in hydroxyintermediates, enabling them to be energized, stimulated and/orstabilized long enough to take part in chemical reactions. Similarly,platinum also directly matches frequencies of the hydrogenintermediates. Platinum resonates with about 10 out of about 24 hydrogenfrequencies in its electronic spectrum (see FIG. 69). Specifically, FIG.69 shows the frequencies of hydrogen listed horizontally across theTable and the frequencies of platinum listed vertically on the Table.Thus, by directly resonating with the intermediates in theabove-described reaction, platinum facilitates the generation,energizing, stimulating, and/or stabilizing of the intermediates,thereby catalyzing the desired reaction.

[0348] Platinum's interactions with hydrogen are also a good example ofmatching frequencies through heterodyning. It is disclosed herein, andshown clearly in FIG. 69, that many of the platinum frequencies resonateindirectly as harmonics with the hydrogen atom intermediate (e.g.,harmonic heterodynes). Specifically, fifty-six (56) frequencies ofplatinum (i.e., 33% of all its frequencies) are harmonics of nineteen(19) hydrogen frequencies (i.e., 80% of its 24 frequencies). Fourteen(14) platinum frequencies are first harmonics (2×) of seven (7) hydrogenfrequencies. And, twelve (12) platinum frequencies are third harmonics(4×) of four (4) hydrogen frequencies. Thus, the presence of platinumcauses massive indirect harmonic resonance in the hydrogen atom, as wellas significant direct resonance.

[0349] Further focus on the individual hydrogen frequencies is even moreinformative. FIGS. 9-10 show a different picture of what hydrogen lookslike when the same information used to make energy level diagrams isplotted as actual frequencies and intensities instead. Specifically, theX-axis shows the frequencies emitted and absorbed by hydrogen, while theY-axis shows the relative intensity for each frequency. The frequenciesare plotted in terahertz (THz, 10¹² Hz) and are rounded to the nearestTHz. The intensities are plotted on a relative scale of 1 to 1,000. Thehighest intensity frequency that hydrogen atoms produce is 2,466 THz.This is the peak of curve I to the far right in FIG. 9a. This curve Ishall be referred to as the first curve. Curve I sweeps down and to theright, from 2,466 THz at a relative intensity of 1,000 to 3,237 THz at arelative intensity of only about 15.

[0350] The second curve in FIG. 9a, curve II, starts at 456 THz with arelative intensity of about 300 and sweeps down and to the right. Itends at a frequency of 781 THz with a relative intensity of five (5).Every curve in hydrogen has this same downward sweep to the right.Progressing from right to left in FIG. 9, the curves are numbered Ithrough V; going from high to low frequency and from high to lowintensity.

[0351] The hydrogen frequency chart shown in FIG. 10 appears to be muchsimpler than the energy level diagrams. It is thus easier to visualizehow the frequencies are organized into the different curves shown inFIG. 9. In fact, there is one curve for each of the series described byRydberg. Curve “I” contains the frequencies in the Lyman series,originating from what quantum mechanics refers to as the first energylevel. The second curve from the right, curve “II”, equates to thesecond energy level, and so on.

[0352] The curves in the hydrogen frequency chart of FIG. 9 are composedof sums and differences (i.e., they are heterodyned). For example, thesmallest curve at the far left, labeled curve “V”, has two frequenciesshown, namely 40 THz and 64 THz, with relative intensities of six (6)and four (4), respectively (see also FIG. 10). The next curve, IV,begins at 74 THz, proceeds to 114 THz and ends with 138 THz. The summedheterodyne calculations are thus:

40+74=114

64+74+138.

[0353] The frequencies in curve IV are the sum of the frequencies incurve V plus the peak intensity frequency in curve IV.

[0354] Alternatively, the frequencies in curve IV, minus the frequenciesin curve V, yield the peak of curve IV:

114−40=74

138−64=74.

[0355] This is not just a coincidental set of sums or differences incurves IV and V. Every curve in hydrogen is the result of adding eachfrequency in any one curve, with the highest intensity frequency in thenext curve.

[0356] These hydrogen frequencies are found in both the atom itself, andin the electromagnetic energy it radiates. The frequencies of the atomand its energy, add and subtract in regular fashion. This isheterodyning. Thus, not only matter and energy heterodyneinterchangeably, but matter heterodynes its' own energy within itself.

[0357] Moreover, the highest intensity frequencies in each curve areheterodynes of heterodynes. For example, the peak frequency in Curve Iof FIG. 9 is 2,466 THz, which is the third harmonic of 616 THz;

4×616 THz=2,466 THz.

[0358] Thus, 2,466 THz is the third harmonic of 616 THz (Recall that forheterodyned harmonics, the result is even multiples of the startingfrequency, i.e., for the first harmonic 2× the original frequency andthe third harmonic is 4× the original frequency. Multiplying a frequencyby four (4) is a natural result of the heterodyning process.) Thus,2,466 THz is a fourth generation heterodyne, namely the third harmonicof 616 THz.

[0359] The peak of curve II of FIG. 9, a frequency corresponding to 456THz, is the third harmonic of 114 THz in curve IV. The peak of curveIII, corresponding to a frequency of 160 THz, is the third harmonic of40 THz in curve V. The peaks of the curves shown in FIG. 9 are not onlyheterodynes between the curves but are also harmonics of individualfrequencies which are themselves heterodynes. The whole hydrogenspectrum turns out to be an incestuously heterodyned set of frequenciesand harmonics.

[0360] Theoretically, this heterodyne process could go on forever. Forexample, if 40 is the peak of a curve, that means the peak is four (4)times a lower number, and it also means that the peak of the previouscurve is 24 (64−40=24). It is possible to mathematically extrapolatebackwards and downwards this way to derive lower and lower frequencies.Peaks of successive curves to the left are 24.2382, 15.732, and 10.786THz, all generated from the heterodyne process. These frequencies are incomplete agreement with the Rydberg formula for energy levels 6, 7 and8, respectively. Not much attention has historically been given by theprior art to these lower frequencies and their heterodyning.

[0361] This invention teaches that the heterodyned frequency curvesamplify the vibrations and energy of hydrogen. A low intensity frequencyon curve IV or V has a very high intensity by the time it is heterodynedout to curve I. In many respects, the hydrogen atom is just one bigenergy amplification system. Moving from low frequencies to highfrequencies, (i.e., from curve V to curve I in FIG. 9), the intensitiesincrease dramatically. By stimulating hydrogen with 2,466 THz at anintensity of 1,000, the result will be 2,466 THz at 1,000 intensity.However, if hydrogen is stimulated with 40 THz at an intensity of 1,000,by the time it is amplified back out to curve I of FIG. 9, the resultwill be 2,466 THz at an intensity of 167,000. This heterodyning turnsout to have a direct bearing on platinum, and on how platinum interactswith hydrogen. It all has to do with hydrogen being an energyamplification system. That is why the lower frequency curves areperceived as being higher energy levels. By understanding this process,the low frequencies of low intensity suddenly become potentially verysignificant.

[0362] Platinum resonates with most, if not all, of the hydrogenfrequencies with one notable exception, the highest intensity curve atthe far right in the frequency chart of FIG. 9 (i.e., curve I)representing energy level 1, and beginning with 2,466 THz. Platinum doesnot appear to resonate significantly with the ground state transition ofthe hydrogen atom. However, it does resonate with multiple upper energylevels of lower frequencies.

[0363] With this information, one ongoing mystery can be solved. Eversince lasers were developed, the prior art chemists believed that therehad to be some way to catalyze a reaction using lasers. Standardapproaches involved using the single highest intensity frequency of anatom (such as 2,466 THz of hydrogen) because it was apparently believedthat the highest intensity frequency would result in the highestreactivity. This approach was taken due to considering only the energylevel diagrams. Accordingly, prior art lasers are typically tuned to aground state transition frequency. This use of lasers in the prior arthas been minimally successful for catalyzing chemical reactions. It isnow understood why this approach was not successful. Platinum, thequintessential hydrogen catalyst, does not resonate with the groundstate transition of hydrogen. It resonates with the upper energy levelfrequencies, in fact, many of the upper level frequencies. Withoutwishing to be bound by any particular theory or explanation, this isprobably why platinum is such a good hydrogen catalyst.

[0364] Einstein essentially worked out the statistics on lasers at theturn of the century when atoms at the ground energy level (E₁) areresonated to an excited energy level (E₂). Refer to the number of atomsin the ground state as “N₁” and the number of excited atoms as “N₂”,with the total “N_(total)”. Since there are only two possible statesthat atoms can occupy:

N _(total) =N ₁ +N ₂.

[0365] After all the mathematics are performed, the relationship whichevolves is:$\frac{N_{2}}{N_{total}} = {\frac{N_{2}}{N_{1} + N_{2}} < \frac{1}{2}}$

[0366] In a two level system, it is predicted that there will never bymore than 50% of the atoms in the higher energy level, E₂, at the sametime.

[0367] If, however, the same group of atoms is energized at three (3) ormore energy levels (i.e., a multi-level system), it is possible toobtain more than 50% of the atoms energized above the first level. Byreferring to the ground and energized levels as E₁, E₂, and E₃,respectively, and the numbers of atoms as N_(total), N₁, N₂, and N₃,under certain circumstances, the number of atoms at an elevated energylevel (N₃) can be more than the number at a lower energy level (N₂).When this happens, it is referred to as a “population inversion”.Population inversion means that more of the atoms are at higher energylevels that at the lower energy levels.

[0368] Population inversion in lasers is important. Population inversioncauses amplification of light energy. For example, in a two-levelsystem, one photon in results in one photon out. In a system with three(3) or more energy levels and population inversion, one photon in mayresult in 5, 10, or 15 photons out (see FIG. 11). The amount of photonsout depends on the number of levels and just how energized each levelbecomes. All lasers are based on this simple concept of producing apopulation inversion in a group of atoms, by creating a multi-levelenergized system among the atoms. Lasers are simply devices to amplifyelectromagnetic wave energy (i.e., light) Laser is actually anabbreviation for Light Amplification System for Emitting Radiation.

[0369] By referring back to the interactions discussed herein betweenplatinum and hydrogen, platinum energizes 19 upper level frequencies inhydrogen (i.e., 80% of the total hydrogen frequencies). But only threefrequencies are needed for a population inversion. Hydrogen isstimulated at 19. This is a clearly multi-level system. Moreover,consider that seventy platinum frequencies do the stimulating. Onaverage, every hydrogen frequency involved is stimulated by three orfour (i.e., 70/19) different platinum frequencies; both directlyresonant frequencies and/or indirectly resonant harmonic frequencies.Platinum provides ample stimulus, atom per atom, to produce a populationinversion in hydrogen. Finally, consider the fact that every time astimulated hydrogen atom emits some electromagnetic energy, that energyis of a frequency that matches and stimulates platinum in return.

[0370] Platinum and hydrogen both resonate with each other in theirrespective multi-level systems. Together, platinum and hydrogen form anatomic scale laser (i.e., an energy amplification system on the atomiclevel). In so doing, platinum and hydrogen amplify the energies that areneeded to stabilize both the hydrogen and hydroxy intermediates, thuscatalyzing the reaction pathway for the formation of water. Platinum issuch a good hydrogen catalyst because it forms a lasing system withhydrogen on the atomic level, thereby amplifying their respectiveenergies.

[0371] Further, this reaction hints that in order to catalyze a reactionsystem and/or control the reaction pathway in a reaction system it ispossible for only a single transient and/or intermediate to be formedand/or energized by an applied frequency (e.g., a spectral catalyst) andthat by forming and/or stimulating at least one transient and/or atleast one intermediate that is required to follow for a desired reactionpathway (e.g., either a complex reaction or a simple reaction), then afrequency, or combination of frequencies, which result in such formationor stimulation of only one of such required transients and/orintermediates may be all that is required. Accordingly, the presentinvention recognizes that in some reaction systems, by determining atleast one required transient and/or intermediate, and by applying atleast one frequency which generates, energizes and/or stabilizes said atleast one transient and/or intermediate, then all other transientsand/or intermediates required for a reaction to proceed down a desiredreaction pathway may be self-generated. However, in some cases, thereaction could be increased in rate by applying the appropriatefrequency or spectral energy pattern, which directly stimulates alltransients and/or intermediates that are required in order for areaction to proceed down a desired reaction pathway. Accordingly,depending upon the particulars of any reaction system, it may bedesirable for a variety of reasons, including equipment, environmentalreaction conditions, etc., to provide or apply a frequency or spectralenergy pattern which results in the formation and/or stimulation and/orstabilization of any required transients and/or intermediates. Thus, inorder to determine an appropriate frequency or spectral energy pattern,it is first desirable to determine which transients and/or intermediatesare present in any reaction pathway.

[0372] Specifically, once all known required transients and/orintermediates are determined, then, one can determine experimentally orempirically which transients and/or intermediates are essential to areaction pathway and then determine, which transients and orintermediates can be self-generated by the stimulation and/or formationof a different transient or intermediate. Once such determinations aremade, appropriate spectral energies (e.g., electromagnetic frequencies)can then be applied to the reaction system to obtain the desirablereaction product and/or desirable reaction pathway.

[0373] It is known that an atom of platinum interacts with an atom ofhydrogen and/or a hydroxy intermediate. And, that is exactly what modernchemistry has taught for the last one hundred years, based on Ostwald'stheory of catalysis. However, the prior art teaches that catalysts mustparticipate in the reaction by binding to the reactants, in other words,the prior art teaches a matter: matter bonding interaction is requiredfor physical catalysts. As previously stated, these reactions followthese steps:

[0374] 1. Reactant diffusion to the catalyst site;

[0375] 2. Bonding of reactant to the catalyst site;

[0376] 3. Reaction of the catalyst-reactant complex;

[0377] 4. Bond rupture at the catalytic site (product); and

[0378] 5. Diffusion of the product away from the catalyst site.

[0379] However, according to the present invention, for example,energy:energy frequencies can interact as well as energy: matterfrequencies. Moreover, matter radiates energy, with the energyfrequencies being substantially the same as the matter frequencies. Soplatinum vibrates at the frequency of 1,060 THz, and it also radiateselectromagnetic energy at 1,060 THz. Thus, according to the presentinvention, the distinction between energy frequencies and matterfrequencies starts to look less important.

[0380] Resonance can be produced in, for example, the reactionintermediates by permitting them to come into contact with additionalmatter vibrating at substantially the same frequencies, such as thosefrequencies of a platinum atom (e.g., platinum stimulating the reactionbetween hydrogen and oxygen to form water). Alternatively, according tothe present invention, resonance can be produced in the intermediates byintroducing electromagnetic energy corresponding to one or more platinumenergies, which also vibrate at the same frequencies, thus at leastpartially mimicking (an additional mechanism of platinum is resonancewith the H₂ molecule, a pathway reactant) the mechanism of action of aplatinum catalyst. Matter, or energy, it makes no difference as far asthe frequencies are concerned, because when the frequencies match,energy transfers. Thus, physical catalysts are not required. Rather, theapplication of at least a portion of the spectral pattern of a physicalcatalyst may be sufficient (i.e. at least a portion of the catalyticspectral pattern). However, in another preferred embodiment,substantially all of a spectral pattern can be applied.

[0381] Still further, by understanding the catalyst mechanism of action,particular frequencies can be applied to, for example, one or morereactants in a reaction system and, for example, cause the appliedfrequencies to heterodyne with existing frequencies in the matter itselfto result in frequencies which correspond to one or more platinumcatalyst or other relevant spectral frequencies. For example, both thehydrogen atom and the hydrogen molecule have unique frequencies. Byheterodyning the frequencies a subtractive frequency can be determined:

NOF _(H atom) −NOF _(H molecule)=Difference_(H atom−molecule)

[0382] The Difference_(H atom−molecule) frequency applied to the H₂molecule reactant will heterodyne with the molecule and energize theindividual hydrogen atoms as intermediates. Similarly, any reactionparticipant can serve as the heterodyning backboard for stimulation ofanother participant. For example,

Difference_(H atom−Oxygen molecule) +NOF _(oxygen molecule) =NOF_(H atom)

or

Difference_(OH−water) +NOF _(water) =NOF _(OH)

[0383] This approach enables greater flexibility for choice ofappropriate equipment to apply appropriate frequencies. However, the keyto this approach is understanding catalyst mechanisms of action and thereaction pathway so that appropriate choices for application offrequencies can be made.

[0384] Specifically, whenever reference is made to, for example, aspectral catalyst duplicating at least a portion of a physicalcatalyst's spectral pattern, this reference is to all the differentfrequencies produced by a physical catalyst; including, but notnecessarily limited to, electronic, vibrational, rotational, and NOFfrequencies. To catalyze, control, and/or direct a chemical reactionthen, all that is needed is to duplicate one or more frequencies from aphysical catalyst, with, for example, an appropriate electromagneticenergy. The actual physical presence of the catalyst is not necessary. Aspectral catalyst can substantially completely replace a physicalcatalyst, if desired.

[0385] A spectral catalyst can also augment or promote the activity of aphysical catalyst. The exchange of energy at particular frequencies,between hydrogen, hydroxy, and platinum is primarily what drives theconversion to water. These participants interact and create a miniatureatomic scale lasing system that amplify their respective energies. Theaddition of these same energies to a reaction system, using a spectralcatalyst, does the same thing. The spectral catalyst amplifies theparticipant energies by resonating with them and when frequencies match,energy transfers and the chemicals (matter) can absorb the energy. Thus,a spectral catalyst can augment a physical catalyst, as well as replaceit. In so doing, the spectral catalyst may increase the reaction rate,enhance specificity, and/or allow for the use of less physical catalyst.

[0386]FIG. 12 shows a basic bell-shaped curve produced by comparing howmuch energy an object absorbs, as compared to the frequency of theenergy. This curve is called a resonance curve. As elsewhere hereinstated, the energy transfer between, for example, atoms or molecules,reaches a maximum at the resonant frequency (f_(o)). The farther away anapplied frequency is from the resonant frequency, f_(o), the lower theenergy transfer (e.g., matter to matter, energy to matter, etc.). Atsome point the energy transfer will fall to a value representing onlyabout 50% of that at the resonant frequency f_(o). The frequency higherthan the resonant frequency, at which energy transfer is only about 50%is called “f₂.” The frequency lower than the resonant frequency, atwhich about 50% energy transfer occurs, is labeled “f₁.”

[0387] The resonant characteristics of different objects can be comparedusing the information from the simple exemplary resonance curve shown inFIG. 12. One such useful characteristic is called the “resonancequality” or “Q” factor. To determine the resonance quality for an objectthe following equation is utilized:$Q = \frac{f_{0}}{\left( {f_{2} - f_{1}} \right)}$

[0388] Accordingly, as shown from the equation, if the bell-shapedresonance curve is tall and narrow, then (f₂−f₁) will be a very smallnumber and Q, the resonance quality, will be high (see FIG. 13a). Anexample of a material with a high “Q” is a high quality quartz crystalresonator. If the resonance curve is low and broad, then the spread ordifference between f₂ and f₁ will be relatively large. An example of amaterial with a low “Q” is a marshmallow. The dividing of the resonantfrequency by this large number will produce a much lower Q value (seeFIG. 13b).

[0389] Atoms and molecules, for example, have resonance curves whichexhibit properties similar to larger objects such as quartz crystals andmarshmallows. If the goal is to stimulate atoms in a reaction (e.g.,hydrogen in the reaction to produce water as mentioned previously) aprecise resonant frequency produced by a reaction system component orenvironmental reaction condition (e.g., hydrogen) can be used. It is notnecessary to use the precise frequency, however. Use of a frequency thatis near a resonant frequency of, for example, one or more reactionsystem components or environmental reaction conditions is adequate.There will not be quite as much of an effect as using the exact resonantfrequency, because less energy will be transferred, but there will stillbe an effect. The closer the applied frequency is to the resonantfrequency, the more the effect. The farther away the applied frequencyis from the resonant frequency, the less effect that is present (i.e.,the less energy transfer that occurs).

[0390] Harmonics present a similar situation. As previously stated,harmonics are created by the heterodyning (i.e., adding and subtracting)of frequencies, allowing the transfer of significant amounts of energy.Accordingly, for example, desirable results can be achieved in chemicalreactions if applied frequencies (e.g., at least a portion of a spectralcatalyst) are harmonics (i.e., matching heterodynes) with one or moreresonant frequency(ies) of one or more reaction system components orenvironmental reaction conditions.

[0391] Further, similar to applied frequencies being close to resonantfrequencies, applied frequencies which are close to the harmonicfrequency can also produce desirable results. The amplitude of theenergy transfer will be less relative to a harmonic frequency, but aneffect will still occur. For example, if the harmonic produces 70% ofthe amplitude of the fundamental resonant frequency and by using afrequency which is merely close to the harmonic, for example, about 90%on the harmonic's resonance curve, then the total effect will be 90% of70%, or about 63% total energy transfer in comparison to a directresonant frequency. Accordingly, according to the present invention,when at least a portion of the frequencies of one or more reactionsystem components or environmental reaction conditions at leastpartially match, then at least some energy will transfer and at leastsome reaction will occur (i.e., when frequencies match, energytransfers).

[0392] Duplicating the Catalyst Mechanics of Action

[0393] As stated previously, to catalyze, control, and/or direct achemical reaction, a spectral catalyst can be applied. The spectralcatalyst may correspond to at least a portion of a spectral pattern of aphysical catalyst or the spectral catalyst may correspond to frequencieswhich form or stimulate required participants (e.g., heterodynedfrequencies) or the spectral catalyst may substantially duplicateenvironmental reaction conditions such as temperature or pressure. Thus,as now taught by the present invention, the actual physical presence ofa catalyst is not required to achieve the desirable chemical reactions.The removal of a physical catalyst is accomplished by understanding theunderlying mechanism inherent in catalysis, namely that desirable energycan be exchanged (i.e., transferred) between, for example, (1) at leastone participant (e.g., reactant, transient, intermediate, activatedcomplex, reaction product, promoter and/or poison) and/or at least onecomponent in a reaction system and (2) an applied electromagnetic energy(e.g., spectral catalyst) when such energy is present at one or morespecific frequencies. In other words, the targeted mechanism that naturehas built into the catalytic process can be copied according to theteachings of the present invention. Nature can be further mimickedbecause the catalyst process reveals several opportunities forduplicating catalyst mechanisms of action, and hence improving the useof spectral catalysts, as well as the control of countless chemicalreactions.

[0394] For example, the previously discussed reaction of hydrogen andoxygen to produce water, which used platinum as a catalyst, is a goodstarting point for understanding catalyst mechanisms of action. Forexample, this invention discloses that platinum catalyzes the reactionin several ways not contemplated by the prior art:

[0395] Platinum directly resonates with and energizes reactionintermediates and/or transients (e.g., atomic hydrogen and hydroxyradicals);

[0396] Platinum harmonically resonates with and energizes at least onereaction intermediate and or transient(e.g., atomic hydrogen); and

[0397] Platinum energizes multiple upper energy levels of at least onereaction intermediate and or transient (e.g., atomic hydrogen).

[0398] This knowledge can be utilized to improve the functioning of thespectral catalyst and/or spectral energy catalyst to design spectralcatalysts and spectral energy catalysts which differ from actualcatalytic spectral patterns, and to design physical catalysts, and tooptimize environmental reaction conditions. For example, the frequenciesof atomic platinum are in the ultraviolet, visible light, and infraredregions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The electronic spectra ofvirtually all atoms are in these same regions. However, these very highelectromagnetic frequencies can be a problem for large-scale andindustrial applications because wave energies having high frequenciestypically do not penetrate matter very well (i.e., do not penetrate farinto matter). The tendency of wave energy to be absorbed rather thantransmitted, can be referred to as attenuation. High frequency waveenergies have a high attenuation, and thus do not penetrate far into atypical industrial scale reaction vessel containing typical reactantsfor a chemical reaction. Thus, the duplication and application of atleast a portion of the spectral pattern of platinum into a commercialscale reaction vessel will typically be a slow process because a largeportion of the applied spectral pattern of the spectral catalysts may berapidly absorbed near the edges of the reaction vessel.

[0399] Thus, in order to input energy into a large industrial-sizedcommercial reaction vessel, a lower frequency energy could be used thatwould penetrate farther into the reactants housed within the reactionvessel. The present invention teaches that this can be accomplished in aunique manner by copying nature. As discussed herein, the spectra ofatoms and molecules are broadly classified into three (3) differentgroups: electronic, vibrational, and rotational. The electronic spectraof atoms and small molecules are said to result from transitions ofelectrons from one energy level to another, and have the correspondinghighest frequencies, typically occurring in the ultraviolet (UV),visible, and infrared (IR) regions of the EM spectrum. The vibrationalspectra are said to result primarily from this movement of bonds betweenindividual atoms within molecules, and typically occur in the infraredand microwave regions. Rotational spectra occur primarily in themicrowave and radiowave regions of the EM spectrum due, primarily, tothe rotation of the molecules.

[0400] Microwave or radiowave radiation could be an acceptable frequencyto be used as a spectral catalyst because it would penetrate well into alarge reaction vessel. Unfortunately, platinum atoms do not producefrequencies in the microwave or radiowave portions of theelectromagnetic spectrum because they do not have vibrational orrotational spectra. However, by copying the mechanism of actionplatinum, selected platinum frequencies can be used as a model for aspectral catalyst in the microwave portion of the spectrum.Specifically, as previously discussed, one mechanism of action ofplatinum in the reaction system to produce water involves energizing atleast one reaction intermediate and/or transient. Reaction intermediatesin this reaction are atomic hydrogen and the hydroxy radical. Atomichydrogen has a high frequency electronic spectrum without vibrational orrotational spectra. The hydroxy radical, on the other hand, is amolecule, and has vibrational and rotational spectra as well as anelectronic spectrum. Thus, the hydroxy radical emits, absorbs andheterodynes frequencies in the microwave portion of the electromagneticspectrum.

[0401] Thus, to copy the mechanism of action of platinum in the reactionto form water, namely resonating with at least one reaction intermediateand/or transient, the hydroxy intermediate can be specifically targetedvia resonance. However, instead of resonating with the hydroxy radicalin its electronic spectrum, as physical platinum catalyst does, at leastone hydroxy frequency in the microwave portion of the EM spectrum can beused to resonate with the hydroxy radical. Hydroxy radicals heterodyneat a microwave frequency of about 21.4 GHz. Energizing a reaction systemof hydrogen and oxygen gas with a spectral catalyst at about 21.4 GHzwill catalyze the formation of water. In this instance, the mechanism ofaction of the physical catalyst platinum has been partially copied andthe mechanism has been shifted to a different region of theelectromagnetic spectrum.

[0402] The second method discussed above for platinum catalyzing areaction, involves harmonically energizing at least one reactionintermediate in the reaction system. For example, assume that one ormore lasers was available to catalyze the hydrogen-oxygen reaction toform water, however, the frequency range of such lasers was only from,for example, 1,500 to 2,000 THz. Platinum does not produce frequenciesin that portion of the EM spectrum. Moreover, the two hydroxyfrequencies that platinum resonates with, 975 and 1,060 THz, are outsidethe frequency range that the lasers, in this example, can generate.Likewise, the hydrogen spectrum does not have any frequencies between1,500 and 2,000 THz (see FIGS. 9-10).

[0403] However, according to the present invention, by again copying themechanism of action of platinum, frequencies can be adapted or selectedto be convenient and/or efficient for the equipment available.Specifically, harmonic frequencies corresponding to the reactionintermediates and/or transients, and also corresponding to frequenciescapable of being generated by the lasers of this example, can beutilized. For the hydroxy radical, having a resonant frequency of 975THz, the first harmonic is 1,950 THz. Thus, a laser of this examplecould be tuned to 1,950 THz to resonate harmonically with the hydroxyintermediate. The first harmonics of three different hydrogenfrequencies also fall within the operational range of the lasers of thisexample. The fundamental frequencies are 755, 770 and 781 THz and thefirst harmonics are 1,510, 1,540, and 1,562 THz, respectively. Thus, alaser of this example could be tuned to the first harmonics 1,510,1,540, and 1,562 THz in order to achieve a heterodyned matching offrequencies between electromagnetic energy and matter and thus achieve atransfer and absorption of said energy.

[0404] Thus, depending on how many lasers are available and thefrequencies to which the lasers can be tuned, third or fourth harmonicscould also be utilized. The third harmonic of the hydrogen frequency,456 THz, occurs at 1,824 THz, which is also within the operating rangeof the lasers of this example. Similarly, the fourth harmonic of thehydrogen frequency, 314 THz, occurs at 1,570 THz, which again fallswithin the operating range of the lasers of this example. In summary, amechanism of action of a physical catalyst can be copied, duplicated ormimicked while moving the relevant spectral catalyst frequencies, to aportion of the electromagnetic spectrum that matches equipment availablefor the reaction system and the application of electromagnetic energy.

[0405] The third method discussed above for platinum catalyzing thisreaction involves energizing at least one reaction intermediate and/ortransient at multiple upper energy levels and setting up, for example,an atomic scale laser system. Again, assume that the same lasersdiscussed above are the only electromagnetic energy sources availableand assume that there are a total of ten (10) lasers available. Thereare four (4) first harmonics available for targeting within theoperating frequency range of 1,500 to 2,000 THz. Some portion of thelasers should be adjusted to four (4) first harmonics and some should beadjusted to the third, fourth, and higher harmonics. Specifically, thepresent invention has discovered that a mechanism of action thatphysical platinum uses is to resonate with multiple upper energy levelsof at least one reaction participant. It is now understood that the moreupper energy levels that are involved, the better. This creates anatomic scale laser system with amplification of the electromagneticenergies being exchanged between the atoms of platinum and hydrogen.This amplification of energy catalyzes the reaction at a much fasterrate than the reaction would ordinarily proceed. This mechanism ofaction can also be exploited to catalyze, for example, the reaction withthe available lasers discussed above.

[0406] For example, rather than setting all ten (10) lasers to the four(4) first harmonics and energizing only four (4) levels, it should nowbe understood that it would be desirable to energize as many differentenergy levels as possible. This task can be accomplished by setting eachof the ten (10) lasers to a different frequency. Even though thephysical catalyst platinum is not present, the energizing of multipleupper energy levels in the hydrogen will amplify the energies beingexchanged between the atoms, and the reaction system will form its' ownlaser system between the hydrogen atoms. This will permit the reactionto proceed at a much faster rate than it ordinarily would. Once again,nature can be mimicked by duplicating one of her mechanisms of action byspecifically targeting multiple energy levels with a spectral catalystto achieve energy transfer in a novel manner.

[0407] The preceding discussion on duplicating catalyst mechanisms ofaction is just the beginning of an understanding of many variablesassociated with the use of spectral catalysts. These additionalvariables should be viewed as potentially very useful tools forenhancing the performance of spectral energy, and/or physical catalysts.There are many factors and variables that affect both catalystperformance, and chemical reactions in general. For example, when thesame catalyst is mixed with the same reactant, but exposed to differentenvironmental reaction conditions such as temperature or pressure,different products can be produced. Consider the following example:

[0408] The same catalyst with the same reactant, produces quitedifferent products in these two reactions, namely molecular hydrogen orcyclohexane, depending on the reaction temperature.

[0409] Many factors are known in the art which affect the direction andintensity with which a physical catalyst guides a reaction or with whicha reaction proceeds in general. Temperature is but one of these factors.Other factors include pressure, volume, surface area of physicalcatalysts, solvents, support materials, contaminants, catalyst size andshape and composition, reactor vessel size, shape and composition,electric fields, magnetic fields, and acoustic fields. The presentinvention teaches that these factors all have one thing in common. Thesefactors are capable of changing the spectral patterns (i.e., frequencypattern) of, for example, participants and/or reaction systemcomponents. Some changes in spectra are very well studied and thus muchinformation is available for consideration and application thereof. Theprior art does not contemplate, however, the spectral chemistry basisfor each of these factors, and how they relate to catalyst mechanisms ofaction, and chemical reactions in general. Further, alternatively,effects of the aforementioned factors can be enhanced or diminished bythe application of additional spectral, spectral energy, and/or physicalcatalyst frequencies. Moreover, these environmental reaction conditionscan be at least partially simulated in a reaction system by theapplication of one or more corresponding spectral environmental reactionconditions (e.g., a spectral energy pattern which duplicates at least aportion of one or more environmental reaction conditions).Alternatively, one spectral environmental reaction condition (e.g., aspectral energy pattern corresponding to temperature) could besubstituted for another (e.g., spectral energy pattern corresponding topressure) so long as the goal of matching of frequencies was met.

[0410] Temperature

[0411] At very low temperatures, the spectral pattern of an atom ormolecule has clean, crisp peaks (see FIG. 15a). As the temperatureincreases, the peaks begin to broaden, producing a bell-shaped curve ofa spectral pattern (see FIG. 15b). At even higher temperatures, thebell-shaped curve broadens even more, to include more and morefrequencies on either side of the primary frequency (see FIG. 15c). Thisphenomenon is called “broadening”.

[0412] These spectral curves are very much like the resonance curvesdiscussed in the previous section. Spectroscopists use resonance curveterminology to describe spectral frequency curves for atoms andmolecules (see FIG. 16). The frequency at the top of the curve, f_(o),is called the resonance frequency. There is a frequency (f₂) above theresonance frequency and another (f₁) below it (i.e., in frequency), atwhich the energy or intensity (i.e., amplitude) is 50% of that for theresonance frequency f_(o). The quantity f₂−f₁ is a measure of how wideor narrow the spectral frequency curve is. This quantity (f₂−f₁) is the“line width”. A spectrum with narrow curves has a small line width,while a spectrum with wide curves has a large line width.

[0413] Temperature affects the line width of spectral curves. Line widthcan affect catalyst performance, chemical reactions and/or reactionpathways At low temperatures, the spectral curves of chemical specieswill be separate and distinct, with a lesser possibility for thetransfer of resonant energy between potential reaction system components(see FIG. 17a). However, as the line widths of potentially reactivechemical species broaden, their spectral curves may start to overlapwith spectral curves of other chemical species (see FIG. 17b). Whenfrequencies match, or spectral energy patterns overlap, energytransfers. Thus, when temperatures are low, frequencies do not match andreactions are slow. At higher temperatures, resonant transfer of energycan take place and reactions can proceed very quickly or proceed along adifferent reaction pathway than they otherwise would have at a lowertemperature.

[0414] Besides affecting the line width of the spectral curves,temperature also can change, for example, the resonant frequency ofreaction system components. For some chemical species, the resonantfrequency will shift as temperature changes. This can be seen in theinfrared absorption spectra in FIG. 18a and blackbody radiation graphsshown in FIG. 18b. Further, atoms and molecules do not all shift theirresonant frequencies by the same amount or in the same direction, whenthey are at the same temperature. This can also affect catalystperformance. For example, if a catalyst resonant frequency shifts morewith increased temperature than the resonant frequency of its targetedchemical species, then the catalyst could end up matching the frequencyof a chemical species, and resonance may be created where nonepreviously existed (see FIG. 18c). Specifically, FIG. 18c shows catalyst“C” at low temperature and “C*” at high temperature. The catalyst “C*”resonates with reactant “A” at high temperatures, but not at lowtemperatures.

[0415] The amplitude or intensity of a spectral line may be affected bytemperature also. For example, linear and symmetric rotor molecules willhave an increase in intensity as the temperature is lowered while othermolecules will increase intensity as the temperature is raised. Thesechanges of spectral intensity can also affect catalyst performance.Consider the example where a low intensity spectral curve of a catalystis resonant with one or more frequencies of a specific chemical target.Only small amounts of energy can be transferred from the catalyst to thetarget chemical (e.g., a hydroxy intermediate). As temperatureincreases, the amplitude of the catalyst's curve increases also. In thisexample, the catalyst can transfer much larger amounts of energy to thechemical target when the temperature is raised.

[0416] If the chemical target is the intermediate chemical species foran alternative reaction route, the type and ratio of end products may beaffected. By examining the above cyclohexene/palladium reaction again,at temperatures below 300° C., the products are benzene and hydrogengas. However, when the temperature is above 300° C., the products arebenzene and cyclohexane. Temperature is affecting the palladium and/orother constituents in the reaction system (including, for example,reactants, intermediates, and/or products) in such a way that analternative reaction pathway leading to the formation of cyclohexane isfavored above 300° C. This could be a result of, for example, increasedline width, altered resonance frequencies, or changes in spectral curveintensities for any of the components in the reaction system.

[0417] It is important to consider not only the spectral catalystfrequencies one may wish to use to catalyze a reaction, but also thereaction conditions under which those frequencies are supposed to work.For example, in the palladium/cyclohexene reaction at low temperatures,the palladium may match frequencies with an intermediate for theformation of hydrogen molecules (H₂). At temperatures above 300° C. thereactants and transients may be unaffected, but the palladium may havean increased line width, altered resonant frequency and/or increasedintensity. The changes in the line width, resonant frequency and/orintensity may cause the palladium to match frequencies and transferenergy to an intermediate in the formation of cyclohexane instead. If aspectral catalyst was to be used to assist in the formation ofcyclohexane at room temperature, the frequency for the cyclohexaneintermediate would be more effective if used, rather than the spectralcatalyst frequency used at room temperature.

[0418] Thus, it may be important to understand the reaction systemdynamics in designing and selecting an appropriate spectral catalyst.The transfer of energy between different reaction system components willvary, depending on temperature. Once understood, this allows one toknowingly adjust temperature to optimize a reaction, reaction product,interaction and/or formation of reaction product at a desirable reactionrate, without the trial and error approaches of prior art. Further, itallows one to choose catalysts such as physical catalysts, spectralcatalysts, and/or spectral energy patterns to optimize a desiredreaction pathway. This understanding of the spectral impact oftemperature allows one to perform customarily high temperature (and,sometimes high danger) chemical processes at safer, room temperatures.It also allows one to design physical catalysts which work at muchbroader temperature ranges (e.g., frigid arctic temperatures or hotfurnace temperatures), as desired.

[0419] Pressure

[0420] Pressure and temperature are directly related to each other.Specifically, from the ideal gas law, we know that

PV=nRT

[0421] where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles ofgas, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. Thus, atequilibrium, an increase in temperature will result in a correspondingincrease in pressure. Pressure also has an effect on spectral patterns.Specifically, increases in pressure can cause broadening and changes inspectral curves, just as increases in temperature do (see FIG. 19 whichshows the pressure broadening effects on the NH₃ 3.3 absorption line).

[0422] Mathematical treatments of pressure broadening are generallygrouped into either collision or statistical theories. In collisiontheories, the assumption is made that most of the time an atom ormolecule is so far from other atoms or molecules that their energyfields do not interact. Occasionally, however, the atoms or moleculescome so close together that they collide. In this case, the atom ormolecule may undergo a change in wave phase (spectral) function, or maychange to a different energy level. Collision theories treat thematter's emitted energy as occurring only when the atom or molecule isfar from others, and is not involved in a collision. Because collisiontheories ignore spectral frequencies during collisions, collisiontheories fail to predict accurately chemical behavior at more than a fewatmospheres of pressure, when collisions are frequent.

[0423] Statistical theories, however, consider spectral frequenciesbefore, during and after collisions. They are based on calculating theprobabilities that various atoms and/or molecules are interacting with,or perturbed by other atoms or molecules. The drawback with statisticaltreatments of pressure effects is that the statistical treatments do notdo a good job of accounting for the effects of molecular motion. In anyevent, neither collision nor statistical theories adequately predict therich interplay of frequencies and heterodynes that take place aspressure is increased. Experimental work has demonstrated that increasedpressure can have effects similar to those produced by increasedtemperature, by:

[0424] 1) broadening of the spectral curve, producing increased linewidth; and

[0425] 2) shifting of the resonant frequency (f_(o)).

[0426] Pressure effects different from those produced by temperaturesare: (1) pressure changes typically do not affect intensity, (see FIG.20 which shows a theoretical set of curves exhibiting an unchangedintensity for three applied different pressures) as with temperaturechanges; and (2) the curves produced by pressure broadening are oftenless symmetric than the temperature-affected curves. Consider the shapeof the three theoretical curves shown in FIG. 20. As the pressureincreases, the curves become less symmetrical. A tail extending into thehigher frequencies develops. This upper frequency extension is confirmedby the experimental work shown in FIG. 21. Specifically, FIG. 21a showsa pattern for the absorption by water vapor in air (10 g of H₂O percubic meter); and FIG. 21b shows the absorption in NH₃ at 1 atmospherepressure.

[0427] Pressure broadening effects on spectral curves are broadlygrouped into two types: resonance or “Holtsmark” broadening, and“Lorentz” broadening. Holtsmark broadening is secondary to collisionsbetween atoms of the same element, and thus the collisions areconsidered to be symmetrical. Lorentz broadening results from collisionsbetween atoms or molecules which are different. The collisions areasymmetric, and the resonant frequency, f_(o), is often shifted to alower frequency. This shift in resonant frequency is shown in FIG. 20.The changes in spectral curves and frequencies that accompany changes inpressure can affect catalysts, both physical and spectral, and chemicalreactions and/or reaction pathways. At low pressures, the spectralcurves tend to be fairly narrow and crisp, and nearly symmetrical aboutthe resonant frequency. However, as pressures increase, the curves maybroaden, shift, and develop high frequency tails.

[0428] At low pressures the spectral frequencies in the reaction systemmight be so different for the various atoms and molecules that there maybe little or no resonant effect, and thus little or no energy transfer.At higher pressures, however, the combination of broadening, shiftingand extension into higher frequencies can produce overlapping betweenthe spectral curves, resulting in the creation of resonance, where nonepreviously existed, and thus, the transfer of energy. The reactionsystem may proceed down one reaction pathway or another, depending onthe changes in spectral curves produced by various pressure changes. Onereaction pathway may be resonant and proceed at moderate pressure, whileanother reaction pathway may be resonant and predominate at higherpressures. As with temperature, it is important to consider the reactionsystem frequencies and mechanisms of action of various catalysts underthe environmental reaction conditions one wishes to duplicate.Specifically, in order for an efficient transfer of energy to occurbetween, for example, a spectral catalyst and at least one reactant in areaction system, there must be at least some overlap in frequencies.

[0429] For example, a reaction with a physical catalyst at 400 THz and akey transient at 500 THz may proceed slowly at atmospheric pressure.Where the frequency pressure is raised to about five (5) atmospheres,the catalyst broadens out through the 500 THz, for example, of thetransient. This allows the transfer of energy between the catalyst andtransient by, for example, energizing and stimulating the transient. Thereaction then proceeds very quickly. Without wishing to be bound by anyparticular theory or explanation, it appears that, the speed of thereaction has much less to do with the number of collisions (as taught bythe prior art) than it has to do with the spectral patterns of thereaction system components. In the above example, the reaction could beenergized at low pressures by applying the 500 THz frequency to directlystimulate the key transient. This could also be accompanied indirectlyusing various heterodynes, (e.g., @1,000 THz harmonic, or a 100 THznon-harmonic heterodyne between the catalyst and transient (500 THz−400THz=100 THz.).

[0430] As shown herein, the transfer of energy between differentreaction system components will vary, depending on pressure. Onceunderstood, this allows one to knowingly adjust pressure to optimize areaction, without the trial and error approaches of prior art. Further,it allows one to choose catalysts such as physical catalysts, spectralcatalysts, and/or spectral energy patterns to optimize one or moredesired reaction pathways. This understanding of the spectral impact ofpressure allows one to perform customarily high pressure (and thus,typically, high danger) chemical processes at safer, room pressures. Italso allows one to design physical catalysts which work over a largerange of acceptable pressures (e.g., low pressures approaching a vacuumto several atmospheres of pressure).

[0431] Surface Area

[0432] Traditionally, the surface are of a catalyst has been consideredto be important because the available surface area controls the numberof available binding sites. Supposedly, the more exposed binding sites,the more catalysis. In light of the spectral mechanisms disclosed in thepresent invention, surface area may be important for another reason.

[0433] Many of the spectral catalyst frequencies that correspond tophysical catalysts are electronic frequencies in the visible light andultraviolet regions of the spectrum. These high frequencies haverelatively poor penetrance into, for example, large reaction vesselsthat contain one or more reactants. The high frequency spectralemissions from a catalyst such as platinum or palladium (or theequivalent spectral catalyst) will thus not travel very far into such areaction system before such spectral emissions (or spectral catalysts)are absorbed. Thus, for example, an atom or molecule must be fairlyclose to a physical catalyst so that their respective electronicfrequencies can interact.

[0434] Thus, surface area primarily affects the probability that aparticular chemical species, will be close enough to the physicalcatalyst to interact with its electromagnetic spectra emission(s). Withsmall surface area, few atoms or molecules will be close enough tointeract. However, as surface area increases, so too does theprobability that more atoms or molecules will be within range forreaction. Thus, rather than increasing the available number of bindingsites, larger surface area probably increases the volume of the reactionsystem exposed to the spectral catalyst frequencies or patterns. This issimilar to the concept of assuring adequate penetration of a spectralcatalyst into a reaction system (e.g., assuming that there are adequateopportunities for species to interact with each other).

[0435] An understanding of the effects of surface area on catalysts andreaction system components allows one to knowingly adjust surface areaand other reaction system components to optimize a reaction, reactionpathway and/or formation of reaction product(s), at a desirable reactionrate, without the drawbacks of the prior art. For instance, surface areais currently optimized by making catalyst particles as small aspossible, thereby maximizing the overall surface area. The smallparticles have a tendency to, for example, sinter (merge or bondtogether) which decreases the overall surface area and catalyticactivity. Rejuvenation of a large surface area catalyst can be a costlyand time-consuming process. This process can be avoided with anunderstanding of the herein presented invention in the field of spectralchemistry. For example, assume a reaction is quickly catalyzed by a 3 m²catalyst bed (in a transfer of energy from catalyst to a key reactantand product). After sintering takes place, however, the surface area isreduced to 1 m². Thus, the transfer of energy from the catalyst isdramatically reduced, and the reaction slows down. The costly and timeconsuming process of rejuvenating the surface area can be avoided (or atleast delayed) by augmenting the reaction system with one or moredesirable spectral energy patterns. In addition, because spectral energypatterns can affect the final physical form or phase of a material, aswell as its chemical formula, the sintering process itself may bereduced or eliminated.

[0436] Catalyst Size and Shape

[0437] In a related line of reasoning, catalyst size and shape areclassically thought to affect physical catalyst activity. Selectivity ofreactions controlled by particle size has historically been used tosteer catalytic pathways. As with surface area, certain particle sizesare thought to provide a maximum number of active binding sites and thusmaximize the reaction rate. The relationship between size and surfacearea has been previously discussed.

[0438] In light of the current understanding of the spectral mechanismsunderlying the activity of physical catalysts and reactions in general,catalyst size and shape may be important for other reasons. One of thosereasons is a phenomenon called “self absorption”. When a single atom ormolecule produces its' classical spectral pattern it radiateselectromagnetic energy which travels outward from the atom or moleculeinto neighboring space. FIG. 22a shows radiation from a single atomversus radiation from a group of atoms as shown in FIG. 22b. As more andmore atoms or molecules group together, radiation from the center of thegroup is absorbed by its' neighbors and may never make it out intospace. Depending on the size and shape of the group of atoms, selfabsorption can cause a number of changes in the spectral emissionpattern (see FIG. 23). Specifically, FIG. 23a shows a normal spectralcurve produced by a single atom; FIG. 23b shows a resonant frequencyshift due to self absorption; FIG. 23c shows a self-reversal spectralpattern produced by self absorption in a group of atoms and FIG. 23dshows a self-reversal spectral pattern produced by self absorption in agroup of atoms. These changes include a shift in resonant frequency andself-reversal patterns.

[0439] The changes in spectral curves and frequencies that accompanychanges in catalyst size and shape can affect catalysts, chemicalreactions and/or reaction pathways. For example, atoms or molecules of aphysical catalyst may produce spectral frequencies in the reactionsystem which resonate with a key transient and/or reaction product. Withlarger groups of atoms, such as in a sintered catalyst, the combinationof resonant frequency shifting and self-reversal may eliminateoverlapping between the spectral curves of chemical species, therebyminimizing or destroying conditions of resonance.

[0440] A reaction system may proceed down one reaction pathway oranother, depending on the changes in spectral curves produced by theparticle sizes. For example, a catalyst having a moderate particle sizemay proceed down a first reaction pathway while a larger size catalystmay direct the reaction down another reaction pathway.

[0441] The changes in spectral curves and frequencies that accompanychanges in catalyst size and shape are relevant for practicalapplications. Industrial catalysts are manufactured in a range of sizesand shapes, depending on the design requirements of the process and thetype of reactor used. Catalyst activity is typically proportional to thesurface area of the catalyst bed in the reactor. Surface area increasesas the size of the catalyst particles decreases. Seemingly, the smallerthe catalyst particles, the better for industrial applications. This isnot always the case, however. When a very fine bed of catalyst particlesis used, high pressures may be required to force the reacting chemicalsacross or through the catalyst bed. The chemicals enter the catalyst bedunder high pressure, and exit the bed (e.g., the other side) at a lowerpressure. This large difference between entry and exit pressures iscalled a “pressure drop”. A compromise is often required betweencatalyst size, catalyst activity, and pressure drop across the catalystbed.

[0442] The use of spectral catalysts according to the present inventionallows for much finer tuning of this compromise. For example, a largecatalyst size can be used so that pressure drops across the catalyst bedare minimized. At the same time, the high level of catalyst activityobtained with a smaller catalyst size can still be obtained by, forexample, augmenting the physical catalyst with at least a portion of oneor more spectral catalyst(s).

[0443] For example, assume that a 10 mm average particle size catalysthas 50% of the activity of a 5 mm average particle size catalyst. With a5 mm-diameter catalyst, however, the pressure drop across the reactormay be so large that the reaction cannot be economically performed. Thecompromise in historical processes has typically been to use twice asmuch of the 10 mm catalyst, to obtain the same, or approximately thesame, amount of activity as with the original amount of 5 mm catalyst.However, an alternative desirable approach is to use the original amountof 10 mm physical catalyst and augment the physical catalyst with atleast a portion of at least one spectral catalyst. Catalyst activity canbe effectively doubled (or increased even more) by the spectralcatalyst, resulting in approximately the same degree of activity (orperhaps even greater activity) as with the 5 mm catalyst. Thus, thepresent invention permits the size of the catalyst to be larger, whileretaining favorable reactor vessel pressure conditions so that thereaction can be performed economically, using half as much (or less)physical catalyst as compared to traditional prior art approaches.

[0444] Another manner to approach the problem of pressure drops inphysical catalyst beds, is to eliminate the physical catalystcompletely. For example, in another embodiment of the invention, afiberoptic sieve, (e.g., one with very large pores) can be used in aflow-through reactor vessel. If the pore size is designed to be largeenough there can be virtually no pressure drop across the sieve,compared to a pressure drop accompanying the use of a 5 mm diameter oreven a 10 mm diameter physical catalyst discussed above. According tothe present invention, the spectral catalyst can be emitted through thefiberoptic sieve, thus catalyzing the reacting species as they flow by.This improvement over the prior art approaches has significantprocessing implications including lower costs, higher rates and improvedsafety, to mention only a few.

[0445] Industrial catalysts are also manufactured in a range of shapes,as well as sizes. Shapes include spheres, irregular granules, pellets,extrudate, and rings. Some shapes are more expensive to manufacture thanothers, while some shapes have superior properties (e.g., catalystactivity, strength, and less pressure drop) than others. While spheresare inexpensive to manufacture, a packed bed of spheres produces highpressure drops and the spheres are typically not very strong. Physicalcatalyst rings on the other hand, have superior strength and activityand produce very little pressure drop, but they are also relativelyexpensive to produce.

[0446] Spectral energy catalysts permit a greater flexibility inchoosing catalyst shape. For example, instead of using a packed bed ofinexpensive spheres, with the inevitable high pressure drop andresulting mechanical damage to the catalyst particles, a single layer ofspheres augmented, for example, with a spectral energy catalyst can beused. This catalyst is inexpensive, activity is maintained, and largepressure drops are not produced, thus preventing mechanical damage andextending the useful life of physical catalyst spheres. Similarly, farsmaller numbers of catalyst rings can be used while obtaining the sameor greater catalyst activity by, for example, supplementing with atleast a portion of a spectral catalyst. The process can proceed at afaster flow-through rate because the catalyst bed will be smallerrelative to a bed that is not augmented with a spectral catalyst.

[0447] The use of spectral energy catalysts and/or spectralenvironmental reaction conditions to augment existing physical catalystshas the following advantages:

[0448] permit the use of less expensive shaped catalyst particles;

[0449] permit the use of fewer catalyst particles overall;

[0450] permit the use of stronger shapes of catalyst particles; and

[0451] permit the use of catalyst particle shapes with better pressuredrop characteristics.

[0452] Their use to replace existing physical catalysts has similaradvantages:

[0453] eliminate the use and expense of catalyst particles altogether;

[0454] allow use of spectral catalyst delivery systems that arestronger; and

[0455] delivery systems can be designed to incorporate superior pressuredrop characteristics.

[0456] Catalyst size and shape are also important to spectral emissionpatterns because all objects have an NOF depending on their size andshape. The smaller an object is in dimension, the higher its NOF will bein frequency (because speed=length×frequency). Also, two (2) objects ofthe same size, but different shape will have different NOF's (e.g., theresonant NOF frequency of a 1.0 m diameter sphere, is different from theNOF for a 1.0 m edged cube). Wave energies (both acoustic and EM) willhave unique resonant frequencies for particular objects. The objects,such as physical catalyst particles or powder granules of reactants in aslurry, will act like antennas, absorbing and emitting energies at theirstructurally resonant frequencies. With this understanding, one isfurther able to manipulate and control the size and shape of reactionsystem components (e.g., physical catalysts, reactants, etc.) to achievedesired effects. For example, a transient for a desired reaction pathwaymay produce a spectral rotational frequency of 30 GHz. Catalyst spheres1cm in diameter with structural EM resonant frequency of 30 GHz (3×10⁸m/s 1×10⁻²m=30×10⁹Hz), can be used to catalyze the reaction. Thecatalyst particles will structurally resonate with the rotationalfrequency of the transient, providing energy to the transient andcatalyzing the reaction. Likewise, the structurally resonant catalystparticles may be farther energized by a spectral energy catalyst, suchas, for example, 30 GHz microwave radiation. Thus understood, thespectral dynamics of chemical reactions can be much more preciselycontrolled than in prior art trial and error approaches.

[0457] Solvents

[0458] Typically, the term solvent is applied to mixtures for which thesolvent is a liquid, however, it should be understood that solvents mayalso comprise solids, liquids, gases or plasmas and/or mixtures and/orcomponents thereof. The prior art typically groups liquid solvents intothree broad classes: aqueous, organic, and non-aqueous. If an aqueoussolvent is used, it means that the solvent is water. Organic solventsinclude hydrocarbons such as alcohols and ethers. Non-aqueous solventsinclude inorganic non-water substances. Many catalyzed reactions takeplace in solvents.

[0459] Because solvents are themselves composed of atoms, moleculesand/or ions they can have pronounced effects on chemical reactions.Solvents are comprised of matter and they emit their own spectralfrequencies. The present invention teaches that these solventfrequencies undergo the same basic processes discussed earlier,including heterodyning, resonance, and harmonics. Spectroscopists haveknown for years that a solvent can dramatically affect the spectralfrequencies produced by its' solutes. Likewise, chemists have known foryears that solvents can affect catalyst activity. However, thespectroscopists and chemists in the prior art have apparently notassociated these long studied changes in solute frequencies with changesin catalyst activity. The present invention recognizes that thesechanges in solute spectral frequencies can affect catalyst activity andchemical reactions and/or reaction pathways in general, changes includespectral curve broadening. Changes of curve intensity, gradual or abruptshifting of the resonant frequency f_(o), and even abrupt rearrangementof resonant frequencies.

[0460] When reviewing FIG. 24a, the solid line represents a portion ofthe spectral pattern of phthalic acid in alcohol while the dotted linerepresents phthalic acid in the solvent hexane. Consider a reactiontaking place in alcohol, in which the catalyst resonates with phthalicacid at a frequency of 1,250, the large solid curve in the middle. Ifthe solvent is changed to hexane, the phthalic acid no longer resonatesat a frequency of 1,250 and the catalyst can not stimulate and energizeit. The change in solvent will render the catalyst ineffective.

[0461] Similarly, in reference to FIG. 24b, iodine produces a highintensity curve at 580 when dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, as shownin curve B. In alcohol, as shown by curve A the iodine produces instead,a moderate intensity curve at 1,050 and a low intensity curve at 850.Accordingly, assume that a reaction uses a spectral catalyst thatresonates directly with the iodine in carbon tetrachloride at 580. Ifthe spectral catalyst does not change and the solvent is changed toalcohol, the spectral catalyst will no longer function becausefrequencies no longer match and energy will not transfer. Specifically,the spectral catalyst's frequency of 580 will no longer match andresonate with the new iodine frequencies of 850 and 1,050.

[0462] However, there is the possibility that the catalyst will changeits spectral pattern with a change in the solvent. The catalyst couldchange in a similar manner to the iodine, in which case the catalyst maycontinue to catalyze the reaction regardless of the change in solvent.Conversely, the spectral catalyst pattern could change in a directionopposite to the spectral pattern of the iodine. In this instance, thecatalyst will again fail to catalyze the original reaction. There isalso the possibility that the change in the catalyst could bring thecatalyst into resonance with a different chemical species and help thereaction proceed down an alternative reaction pathway.

[0463] Finally, consider the graph in FIG. 24c, which shows a variety ofsolvent mixtures ranging from 100% benzene at the far left, to a 50:50mixture of benzene and alcohol in the center, to 100% alcohol at the farright. The solute is phenylazophenol. The phenylazophenol has afrequency of 855-860 for most of the solvent mixtures. For a 50:50benzene:alcohol mixture the frequency is 855; or for a 98:2benzene:alcohol mixture the frequency is still 855. However,.at 99.5:0.5benzene:alcohol mixture, the frequency abruptly changes to about 865. Acatalyst active in 100% benzene by resonating with the phenylazophenolat 865, will lose its activity if there is even a slight amount ofalcohol (e.g., 0.5%) in the solvent.

[0464] Thus understood, the principles of spectral chemistry presentedherein can be applied to catalysis, and reactions and/or reactionpathways in general. Instead of using the prior art trial and errorapproach to the choice of solvents and/or other reaction systemcomponents, solvents can be tailored and/or modified to optimize thespectral environmental reaction conditions. For example, a reaction mayhave a key reaction participant which resonates at 400 THz, while thecatalyst resonates at 800 THz transferring energy harmonically. Changingthe solvent may cause the resonant frequencies of both the participantand the catalyst to abruptly shift to 600 THz. There the catalyst wouldresonate directly with the participant, transferring even more energy,and catalyzing the reaction system more efficiently.

[0465] Support Materials

[0466] Catalysts can be either unsupported or supported. An unsupportedcatalyst is a formulation of the pure catalyst, with substantially noother molecules present. Unsupported catalysts are rarely usedindustrially because these catalysts generally have low surface area andhence low activity. The low surface area can result from, for example,sintering, or coalescence of small molecules of the catalyst into largerparticles in a process which reduces surface tension of the particles.An example of an unsupported catalyst is platinum alloy gauze, which issometimes used for the selective oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide.Another example is small silver granules, sometimes used to catalyze thereaction of methanol with air, to form formaldehyde. When the use ofunsupported catalysts is possible, their advantages includestraightforward fabrication and relatively simple installation invarious industrial processes.

[0467] A supported catalyst is a formulation of the catalyst with otherparticles, the other particles acting as a supporting skeleton for thecatalyst. Traditionally, the support particles are thought to be inert,thus providing a simple physical scaffolding for the catalyst molecules.Thus, one of the traditional functions of the support material is togive the catalyst shape and mechanical strength. The support material isalso said to reduce sintering rates. If the catalyst support is finelydivided similar to the catalyst, the support will act as a “spacer”between the catalyst particles, and hence prevent sintering. Analternative theory holds that an interaction takes place between thecatalyst and support, thereby preventing sintering. This theory issupported by the many observations that catalyst activity is altered bychanges in support material structure and composition.

[0468] Supported catalysts are generally made by one or more of thefollowing three methods: impregnation, precipitation, and/orcrystallization. Impregnation techniques use preformed supportmaterials, which are then exposed to a solution containing the catalystor its precursors. The catalyst or precursors diffuse into the pores ofthe support. Heating, or another conversion process, drives off thesolvent and transforms the catalyst or precursors into the finalcatalyst. The most common support materials for impregnation arerefractory oxides such as aluminas and aluminum hydrous oxides. Thesesupport materials have found their greatest use for catalysts that mustoperate under extreme conditions such as steam reforming, because theyhave reasonable mechanical strengths.

[0469] Precipitation techniques use concentrated solutions of catalystsalts (e.g., usually metal salts). The salt solutions are rapidly mixedand then allowed to precipitate in a finely divided form. Theprecipitate is then prepared using a variety of processes includingwashing, filtering, drying, heating, and pelleting. Often a graphiticlubricant is added. Precipitated catalysts have high catalytic activitysecondary to high surface area, but they are generally not as strong asimpregnated catalysts.

[0470] Crystallization techniques produce support materials calledzeolites. The structure of these crystallized catalyst zeolites is basedon SiO₄ and AlO₄ (see FIG. 25a which shows the tetrahedral units ofsilicon; and FIG. 25b which shows the tetrahedral units of aluminum).These units link in different combinations to form structural families,which include rings, chains, and complex polyhedra. For example, theSiO₄ and AlO₄ tetrahderal units can form truncated octahedronstructures, which form the building blocks for A, X, and Y zeolites (seeFIG. 26a which shows a truncated octahedron structure with linesrepresenting oxygen atoms and corners are Al or Si atoms; FIG. 26b whichshows zeolite with joined truncated octahedrons joined by oxygen bridgesbetween square faces; and FIG. 26c which shows zeolites X and Y withjoined truncated octahedrons joined by oxygen bridges between hexagonalfaces).

[0471] The crystalline structure of zeolites gives them a well definedpore size and structure. This differs from the varying pore sizes foundin impregnated or precipitated support materials. Zeolite crystals aremade by mixing solutions of silicates and aluminates and the catalyst.Crystallization is generally induced by heating (see spectral effects oftemperature in the Section entitled “Temperature”). The structure of theresulting zeolite depends on the silicon/aluminum ratio, theirconcentration, the presence of added catalyst, the temperature, and eventhe size of the reaction vessels used, all of which are environmentalreaction conditions. Zeolites generally have greater specificity thanother catalyst support materials (e.g., they do not just speed up thereaction). They also may steer the reaction towards a particularreaction pathway.

[0472] Support materials can affect the activity of a catalyst.Traditionally, the prior art has attributed these effects to geometricfactors. However, according to the present invention, there are spectralfactors to consider as well. It has been well established that solventsaffect the spectral patterns produced by their solutes. Solvents can beliquids, solids, gases and/or plasmas Support materials can, in manycases, be viewed as nothing more than solid solvents for catalysts. Assuch, support materials can affect the spectral patterns produced bytheir solute catalysts.

[0473] Just as dissolved sugar can be placed into a solid phase solvent(ice), catalysts can be placed into support materials that are solidphase solvents. These support material solid solvents can have similarspectral effects on catalysts that liquid solvents have. Supportmaterials can change spectral frequencies of their catalyst solutes by,for example, causing spectral curve broadening, changing of curveintensity, gradual or abrupt shifting of the resonant frequency f_(o),and even abrupt rearrangement of resonant frequencies.

[0474] Thus, due to the disclosure herein, it should become clear to anartisan of ordinary skill that changes in support materials can havedramatic effects on catalyst activity. The support materials affect thespectral frequencies produced by the catalysts. The changes in catalystspectral frequencies produce varying effects on chemical reactions andcatalyst activity, including accelerating the rate of reaction and alsoguiding the reaction on a particular reaction path. Thus supportmaterials can potentially influence the matching of frequencies and canthus favor the possibility of transferring energy between reactionsystem components and/or spectral energy patterns, thus permittingcertain reactions to occur.

[0475] Poisoning

[0476] Poisoning of catalysts occurs when the catalyst activity isreduced by adding a small amount of another constituent, such as achemical species. The prior art has attributed poisoning to chemicalspecies that contain excess electrons (e.g., electron donor materials)and to adsorption of poisons onto the physical catalyst surface wherethe poison physically blocks reaction sites. However, neither of thesetheories satisfactorily explains poisoning.

[0477] Consider the case of nickel hydrogenation catalysts. Thesephysical catalysts are substantially deactivated if only 0.1% sulphurcompounds by weight are adsorbed onto them. It is difficult to believethat 0.1% sulphur by weight could contribute so many electrons as toinactivate the nickel catalyst. Likewise, it is difficult to believethat the presence of 0.1% sulphur by weight occupies so many reactionsites that it completely deactivates the catalyst. Accordingly, neitherprior art explanation is satisfying.

[0478] Poisoning phenomena can be more logically understood in terms ofspectral chemistry. In reference to the example in the Solvent Sectionusing a benzene solvent and phenylazophenol as the solute, in purebenzene the phenylazophenol had a spectral frequency of 865 Hz. Theaddition of just a few drops of alcohol (0.5%) abruptly changed thephenylazophenol frequency to 855. If the expectation was for thephenylazophenol to resonate at 865, then the alcohol would have poisonedthat particular reaction. The addition of small quantities of otherchemical species can change the resonant frequencies (f_(o)) ofcatalysts and reacting chemicals. The addition of another chemicalspecies can act as a poison to take the catalyst and reacting speciesout of resonance. (i.e., the presence of the additional species canremove any substantial overlapping of frequencies and thus prevent anysignificant transfer of energy).

[0479] Besides changing resonant frequencies of chemical species, addingsmall amounts of other chemicals can also affect the spectralintensities of the catalyst and, for example, other atoms and moleculesin the reaction system by either increasing or decreasing the spectralintensities. Consider cadmium and zinc mixed in an alumina-silicaprecipitate (see FIG. 27 which shows the influences of copper andbismuth on the zinc/cadmium line ratio). A normal ratio between thecadmium 3252.5 spectral line and the zinc 3345.0 spectral line wasdetermined. The addition of sodium, potassium, lead, and magnesium hadlittle or no effect on the Cd/Zn intensity ratio. However, the additionof copper reduced the relative intensity of the zinc line and increasedthe cadmium intensity. Conversely, addition of bismuth increased therelative intensity of the zinc line while decreasing cadmium.

[0480] Also, consider the effect of small amounts of magnesium on acopper-aluminum mixture (see FIG. 28 which shows the influence ofmagnesium on the copper aluminum intensity ratio). Magnesium present at0.6%, caused significant reductions in line intensity for copper and foraluminum. At 1.4% magnesium, the spectral intensities for both copperand aluminum were reduced by about a third. If the copper frequency isimportant for catalyzing a reaction, adding this small amount ofmagnesium would dramatically reduce the catalyst activity. Thus, itcould be concluded that the copper catalyst had been poisoned by themagnesium.

[0481] In summary, poisoning effects on catalysts are due to spectralchanges. Adding a small amount of another chemical species to a physicalcatalyst and/or reaction system can change the resonance frequencies orthe spectral intensities of one or more chemical species (e.g.,reactant). The catalyst might remain the same, while a crucialintermediate is changed. Likewise, the catalyst might change, while theintermediate stays the same. They might both change, or they might bothstay the same and be oblivious to the added poison species. Thisunderstanding is important to achieving the goals of the presentinvention which include targeting species to cause an overlap infrequencies, or in this instance, specifically targeting one or morespecies so as to prevent any substantial overlap in frequencies and thusprevent reactions from occurring by blocking the transfer of energy.

[0482] Promoters

[0483] Just as adding a small amount of another chemical species to acatalyst and reaction system can poison the activity of the catalyst,the opposite can also happen. When an added species enhances theactivity of a catalyst, it is called a promoter. For instance, adding afew percent calcium and potassium oxide to iron-alumina compoundspromotes activity of the iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis. Promotersact by all the mechanisms discussed previously in the Sections entitledSolvents, Support Materials, and Poisoning. Not surprisingly, somesupport materials actually are promoters. Promoters enhance catalystsand specific reactions and/or reaction pathways by changing spectralfrequencies and intensities. While a catalyst poison takes the reactingspecies out of resonance (i.e., the frequencies do not overlap), thepromoter brings them into resonance (i.e., the frequencies do overlap).Likewise, instead of reducing the spectral intensity of crucialfrequencies, the promoter may increase the crucial intensities.

[0484] Thus, if it was desired for phenylazophenol to react at 855 in abenzene solvent, alcohol could be added and the alcohol would be termeda promoter. If it was desired for the phenylazophenol too react at 865,alcohol could be added and the alcohol could be considered a poison.Thus understood, the differences between poisons and promoters are amatter of perspective, and depend on which reaction pathways and/orreaction products are desired. They both act by the same underlyingspectral chemistry mechanisms of the present invention.

[0485] Concentration

[0486] Concentrations of chemical species are known to affect reactionrates and dynamics. Concentration also affects catalyst activity. Theprior art explains these effects by the probabilities that variouschemical species will collide with each other. At high concentrations ofa particular species, there are many individual atoms or moleculespresent. The more atoms or molecules present, the more likely they areto collide with something else. However, this statistical treatment bythe prior art does not explain the entire situation. FIG. 29 showsvarious concentrations of N-methyl urethane in a carbon tetrachloridesolution. At low concentrations, the spectral lines have a relativelylow intensity. However, as the concentration is increased, theintensities of the spectral curves increase also. At 0.01 molarity, thespectral curve at 3,460 cm⁻¹ is the only prominent frequency. However,at 0.15 molarity, the curves at 3,370 and 3,300 cm⁻¹ are also prominent.

[0487] As the concentration of a chemical species is changed, thespectral character of that species in the reaction mixture changes also.Suppose that 3,300 and 3,370 cm⁻¹ are important frequencies for adesired reaction pathway. At low concentrations the desired reactionpathway will not occur. However, if the concentrations are increased(and hence the intensities of the relevant frequencies) the reactionwill proceed down the desired pathway. Concentration is also related tosolvents, support structures, poisons and promoters, as previouslydiscussed.

[0488] Fine Structure Frequencies

[0489] The field of science concerned generally with measuring thefrequencies of energy and matter, known as spectroscopy, has alreadybeen discussed herein. Specifically, the three broad classes of atomicand molecular spectra were reviewed. Electronic spectra, which are dueto electron transitions, have frequencies primarily in the ultraviolet(UV), visible, and infrared (IR) regions, and occur in atoms andmolecules. Vibrational spectra, which are due to, for example, bondmotion between individual atoms within molecules, are primarily in theIR, and occur in molecules. Rotational spectra are due primarily torotation of molecules in space and have microwave or radiowavefrequencies, and also occur in molecules.

[0490] The previous discussion of various spectra and spectroscopy hasbeen oversimplified. There are actually at least three additional setsof spectra, which comprise the spectrum discussed above herein, namely,the fine structure spectra and the hyperfine structure spectra and thesuperfine structure spectra. These spectra occur in atoms and molecules,and extend, for example, from the ultraviolet down to the low radioregions. These spectra are often mentioned in prior art chemistry andspectroscopy books typically as an aside, because prior art chemiststypically focus more on the traditional types of spectroscopy, namely,electronic, vibrational, and rotational.

[0491] The fine and hyperfine spectra are quite prevalent in the areasof physics and radio astronomy. For example, cosmologists map thelocations of interstellar clouds of hydrogen, and collect data regardingthe origins of the universe by detecting signals from outerspace, forexample, at 1.420 GHz, a microwave frequency which is one of thehyperfine splitting frequencies for hydrogen. Most of the largedatabases concerning the microwave and radio frequencies of moleculesand atoms have been developed by astronomers and physicists, rather thanby chemists. This apparent gap between the use by chemists andphysicists, of the fine and hyperfine spectra in chemistry, hasapparently resulted in prior art chemists not giving much, if any,attention to these potentially useful spectra.

[0492] Referring again to FIGS. 9a and 9 b, the Balmer series (i.e.,frequency curve II), begins with a frequency of 456 THz (see FIG. 30a).Closer examination of this individual frequency shows that instead ofthere being just one crisp narrow curve at 456 THz, there are reallyseven different curves very close together that comprise the curve at456 THz. The seven (7) different curves are fine structure frequencies.FIG. 30b shows the emission spectrum for the 456 THz curve in hydrogen.A high-resolution laser saturation spectrum, shown in FIG. 31, giveseven more detail. These seven different curves, which are positionedvery close together, are generally referred to as a multiplet.

[0493] Although there are seven different fine structure frequenciesshown, these seven frequencies are grouped around two major frequencies.These are the two, tall, relatively high intensity curves shown in FIG.30b. These two high intensity curves are also shown in FIG. 31 at zerocm⁻¹ (456.676 THz), and at relative wavenumber 0.34 cm⁻¹ (456.686 THz).What appears to be a single frequency of (456 THz), is actually composedpredominantly of two slightly different frequencies (456.676 and 456.686THz), and the two frequencies are typically referred to as doublet andthe frequencies are said to be split. The difference or split betweenthe two predominant frequencies in the hydrogen 456 THz doublet is 0.010THz (100 THz) or 0.34 cm⁻¹ wavnumbers. This difference frequency, 10GHz, is called the fine splitting frequency for the 456 THz frequency ofhydrogen.

[0494] Thus, the individual frequencies that are typically shown inordinary electronic spectra are composed of two or more distinctfrequencies spaced very close together. The distinct frequencies spacedvery close together are called fine structure frequencies. Thedifference, between two fine structure frequencies that are split apartby a very slight amount, is a fine splitting frequency (see FIG. 32which shows f₁ and f₂ which comprise f₀ and which are shown asunderneath f₀. The difference between f₁ and f₂ is known as the finesplitting frequency). This “difference” between two fine structurefrequencies is important because such a difference between any twofrequencies is a heterodyne.

[0495] Almost all the hydrogen frequencies shown in FIGS. 9a and 9 b aredoublets or multiplets. This means that almost all the hydrogenelectronic spectrum frequencies have fine structure frequencies and finesplitting frequencies (which means that these heterodynes are availableto be used as spectral catalysts, if desired). The present inventiondiscloses that these “differences” or heterodynes can be quite usefulfor certain reactions. However, prior to discussing the use of theseheterodynes, in the present invention, more must be understood aboutthese heterodynes. Some of the fine splitting frequencies (i.e.,heterodynes) for hydrogen are listed in Table 3. These fine splittingheterodynes range from the microwave down into the upper reaches of theradio frequency region. TABLE 3 Fine Splitting Frequencies for HydrogenFine Frequency (THz) Orbital Wavenumber (cm⁻¹) Splitting Frequency 2,4662p 0.365 10.87 GHz 456 n2→3 0.340 10.02 GHz 2,923 3p 0.108 3.23 GHz2,923 3d 0.036 1.06 GHz 3,082 4p 0.046 1.38 GHz 3,082 4d 0.015 448.00MHz 3,082 4f 0.008 239.00 MHz

[0496] There are more than 23 fine splitting frequencies (i.e.,heterodynes) for just the first series or curve I in hydrogen. Lists ofthe fine splitting heterodynes can be found, for example, in the classic1949 reference “Atomic Energy Levels” by Charlotte Moore. This referencealso lists 133 fine splitting heterodyned intervals for carbon, whosefrequencies range from 14.1 THz (473.3 cm⁻¹) down to 12.2. GHz (0.41cm⁻¹). Oxygen has 287 fine splitting heterodynes listed from 15.9 THz(532.5 cm⁻¹) down to 3.88 GHz (0.13 cm⁻¹). The 23 platinum finesplitting intervals detailed are from 23.3 THz (775.9 cm⁻¹) to 8.62 THzin frequency (287.9 cm⁻¹).

[0497] Diagrammatically, the magnification and resolution of anelectronic frequency into several closely spaced fine frequencies isdepicted in FIG. 33. The electronic orbit is designated by the orbitalnumber n=0, 1, 2, etc. The fine structure is designated as α. A quantumdiagram for the hydrogen fine structure is shown in FIG. 34.Specifically, shown is the fine structure of the n=1 and n=2 levels ofthe hydrogen atom. FIG. 35 shows the multiplet splittings for the lowestenergy levels of carbon, oxygen, and fluorine, as represented by “C”,“O” and “F”, respectively.

[0498] In addition to the fine splitting frequencies for atoms (i.e.,heterodynes), molecules also have similar fine structure frequencies.The origin and derivation for molecular fine structure and splitting isdifferent from that for atoms, however, the graphical and practicalresults are quite similar. In atoms, the fine structure frequencies aresaid to result from the interaction of the spinning electron with its'own magnetic field. Basically, this means the electron cloud of a singleatomic sphere, rotating and interacting with its' own magnetic field,produces the atomic fine structure frequencies. The prior art refers tothis phenomena as “spin-orbit coupling”. For molecules, the finestructure frequencies correspond to the actual rotational frequencies ofthe electronic or vibrational frequencies. So the fine structurefrequencies for atoms and molecules both result from rotation. In thecase of atoms, it is the atom spinning and rotating around itself, muchthe way the earth rotates around its axis. In the case of molecules, itis the molecule spinning and rotating through space.

[0499]FIG. 36 shows the infrared absorption spectrum of the SF₆vibration band near 28.3 THz (10.6 μm wavelength, wavenumber 948 cm⁻¹)of the SF₆ molecule. The molecule is highly symmetrical and rotatessomewhat like a top. The spectral tracing was obtained with a highresolution grating spectrometer. There is a broad band between 941 and952 cm⁻¹ (28.1 and 28.5 THz) with three sharp spectral curves at 946,947, and 948 cm⁻¹ (28.3, 28.32, and 23.834 THz).

[0500]FIG. 37a shows a narrow slice being taken from between 949 and 950cm⁻¹, which is blown up to show more detail in FIG. 37b. A tunablesemiconductor diode laser was used to obtain the detail. There are manymore spectral curves which appear when the spectrum is reviewed in finerdetail. These curves are called the fine structure frequencies for thismolecule. The total energy of an atom or molecule is the sum of its'electronic, vibrational, and rotational energies. Thus, the simplePlanck equation discussed previously herein:

E=hv

[0501] can be rewritten as follows:

E=E _(e) +E _(v) +E _(r)

[0502] where E is the total energy, E_(e) is the electronic energy,E_(v) is the vibrational energy, and E_(r) is the rotational energy.Diagrammatically, this equation is shown in FIG. 38 for molecules. Theelectronic energy, E_(e), involves a change in the orbit of one of theelectrons in the molecule. It is designated by the orbital number n=0,1, 2, 3, etc. The vibrational energy, E_(v), is produced by a change inthe vibration rate between two atoms within the molecule, and isdesignated by a vibrational number v=1, 2, 3, etc. Lastly, therotational energy, E_(r), is the energy of rotation caused by themolecule rotating around its' center of mass. The rotational energy isdesignated by the quantum number J=1, 2, and 3, etc., as determined formangular momentum equations.

[0503] Thus, by examining the vibrational frequencies of SF₆ in moredetail, the fine structure molecular frequencies become apparent. Thesefine structure frequencies are actually produced by the molecularrotations, “J”, as a subset of each vibrational frequency. Just as therotational levels “J” are substantially evenly separated in FIG. 38,they are also substantially evenly separated when plotted asfrequencies.

[0504] This concept may be easier to understand by viewing someadditional frequency diagrams. For example, FIG. 39a shows the purerotational absorption spectrum for gaseous hydrogen-chloride and FIG.39b shows the same spectrum at low resolution. In FIG. 39a, the separatewaves, that look something like teeth on a “comb”, correspond to theindividual rotational frequencies. The complete wave (i.e., that wavecomprising the whole comb) that extends in frequency from 20 to 500 cm⁻¹corresponds to the entire vibrational frequency. At low resolution ormagnification, this set of rotational frequencies appear to be a singlefrequency peaking at about 20 cm⁻¹ (598 GHz) (see FIG. 39b). This isvery similar to the way atomic frequencies such as the 456 THz hydrogenfrequency appear (i.e., just one frequency at low resolution, that turnout to be several different frequencies at higher magnification).

[0505] In FIG. 40, the rotational spectrum (i.e., fine structure) ofhydrogen cyanide is shown, where “J” is the rotational level. Noteagain, the regular spacing of the rotational levels. (Note that thisspectrum is oriented opposite of what is typical). This spectrum usestransmission rather than emission on the horizontal Y-axis, thus,intensity increases downward on the Y-axis, rather than upwards.

[0506] Additionally, FIG. 41 shows the v₁−v₅ vibrational bands for FCCF(where v₁ is vibrational level 1 and v₅ vibrational level 5) whichincludes a plurality of rotational frequencies. All of the fine sawtoothspikes are the fine structure frequencies which correspond to therotational frequencies. Note, the substantially regular spacing of therotational frequencies. Also note, the undulating pattern of therotational frequency intensity, as well as the alternating pattern ofthe rotational frequency intensities.

[0507] Consider the actual rotational frequencies (i.e., fine structurefrequencies) for the ground state of carbon monoxide listed in Table 4.TABLE 4 Rotational Frequencies and Derived Rotational Constant for CO inthe Ground State J Transition Frequency (MHz) Frequency (GHz) 0→1115,271.204 115 1→2 230,537.974 230 2→3 345,795.989 346 3→4 461,040.811461 4→5 576,267.934 576 5→6 691,472.978 691 6→7 806,651.719 807

[0508] Where; B_(o)=57,635.970 MHz

[0509] Each of the rotational frequencies is regularly spaced atapproximately 115 GHz apart. Prior art quantum theorists would explainthis regular spacing as being due to the fact that the rotationalfrequencies are related to Planck's constant and the moment of inertia(i.e., center of mass for the molecule) by the equation:$B = \frac{h}{8\pi^{2}I}$

[0510] where B is the rotational constant, h is Planck's constant, and Iis the moment of inertia for the molecule. From there the prior artestablished a frequency equation for the rotational levels thatcorresponds to:

f=2B(J+1)

[0511] where f is the frequency, B is the rotational constant, and J isthe rotational level. Thus, the rotational spectrum (i.e., finestructure spectrum) for a molecule turns out to be a harmonic series oflines with the frequencies all spaced or split (i.e., heterodyned) bythe same amount. This amount has been referred to in the prior art as“2B”, and “B” has been referred to as the “rotational constant”. Inexisting charts and databases of molecular frequencies, “B” is usuallylisted as a frequency such as MHz. This is graphically represented forthe first four rotational frequencies for CO in FIG. 42.

[0512] This fact is interesting for several reasons. The rotationalconstant “B”, listed in many databases, is equal to one half of thedifference between rotational frequencies for a molecule. That meansthat B is the first subharmonic frequency, to the fundamental frequency“2B”, which is the heterodyned difference between all the rotationalfrequencies. The rotational constant B listed for carbon monoxide is57.6 GHz (57,635.970 MHz). This is basically half of the 115 GHzdifference between the rotational frequencies. Thus, according to thepresent invention, if it is desired to stimulate a molecule's rotationallevels, the amount “2B” can be used, because it is the fundamental firstgeneration heterodyne. Alternatively, the same “B” can be used because“B” corresponds to the first subharmonic of that heterodyne.

[0513] Further, the prior art teaches that if it is desired to usemicrowaves for stimulation, the microwave frequencies used will berestricted to stimulating levels at or near the ground state of themolecule (i.e., n=0 in FIG. 38). The prior art teaches that as youprogress upward in FIG. 38 to the higher electronic and vibrationallevels, the required frequencies will correspond to the infrared,visible, and ultraviolet regions. However, the prior art is wrong aboutthis point.

[0514] By referring to FIG. 38 again, it is clear that the rotationalfrequencies are evenly spaced out no matter what electronic orvibrational level is under scrutiny. The even spacing shown in FIG. 38is due to the rotational frequencies being evenly spaced as progressionis made upwards through all the higher vibrational and electroniclevels. Table 5 lists the rotational frequencies for lithium fluoride(LiF) at several different rotational and vibrational levels. TABLE 5Rotational Frequencies for Lithium Fluoride (LiF) Vibrational LevelRotational Transition Frequency (MHz) 0 0→1 89,740.46 0 1→2 179,470.35 02→3 269,179.18 0 3→4 358,856.19 0 4→5 448,491.07 0 5→6 538,072.65 1 0→188,319.18 1 1→2 176,627.91 1 2→3 264,915.79 1 3→4 353,172.23 1 4→5441,386.83 2 0→1 86,921.20 2 1→2 173,832.04 2 2→3 260,722.24 2 3→4347,581.39 3 1→2 171,082.27 3 2→3 256,597.84 3 3→4 342,082.66

[0515] It is clear from Table 5 that the differences between rotationalfrequencies, no matter what the vibrational level, is about 86,000 toabout 89,000 MHz (i.e., 86-89 GHz). Thus, according to the presentinvention, by using a microwave frequency between about 86,000 MHz and89,000 MHz, the molecule can be stimulated from the ground state levelall the way up to its' highest energy levels. This effect has not beeneven remotely suggested by the prior art. Specifically, the rotationalfrequencies of molecules can be manipulated in a unique manner. Thefirst rotational level has a natural oscillatory frequency (NOF) of89,740 MHz. The second rotational level has an NOF of 179,470 MHz. Thus,

NOF _(rotational 1→2) −NOF _(rotational 0→1)=SubtractedFrequency_(rotational 2−1);

or

179,470 MHz−89,740 MHz=89,730 MHz

[0516] Thus, the present invention has discovered that the NOF's of therotational frequencies heterodyne by adding and subtracting in a mannersimilar to the manner that all frequencies heterodyne. Specifically, thetwo rotational frequencies heterodyne to produce a subtracted frequency.This subtracted frequency happens to be exactly twice as big as thederived rotational constant “B” listed in nuclear physics andspectroscopy manuals. Thus, when the first rotational frequency in themolecule is stimulated with the Subtracted Frequency_(rotational 2−1),the first rotational frequency will heterodyne (i.e., in this case add)with the NOF_(rotational 0→1) (i.e., first rotational frequency) toproduce NOF_(rotational 1→2), which is the natural oscillatory frequencyof the molecule's second rotational level. In other words:

Subtracted Frequency_(rotational 2−1) +NOF _(rotational 0→1) =NOF_(rotational 1→2);

Or 89,730 MHz+89,740 MHz=179,470 MHz

[0517] Since the present invention has disclosed that the rotationalfrequencies are actually evenly spaced harmonics, the subtractedfrequency will also add with the second level NOF to produce the thirdlevel NOF. The subtracted frequency will add with the third level NOF toproduce the fourth level NOF. And so on and so on. Thus, according tothe present invention, by using one single microwave frequency, it ispossible to stimulate all the rotational levels in a vibratory band.

[0518] Moreover, if all the rotational levels for a vibrationalfrequency are excited, then the vibrational frequency will also becorrespondingly excited. Further, if all the vibrational levels for anelectronic level are excited, then the electronic level will be excitedas well. Thus, according to the teachings of the present invention, itis possible to excite the highest levels of the electronic andvibrational structure of a molecule by using a single microwavefrequency. This is contrary to the prior art teachings that the use ofmicrowaves is restricted to the ground state of the molecule.Specifically, if the goal is to resonate directly with an uppervibrational or electronic level, the prior art teaches that microwavefrequencies can not be used. If, however, according to the presentinvention, a catalytic mechanism of action is initiated by, for example,resonating with target species indirectly through heterodynes, then oneor more microwave frequencies can be used to energize at least one upperlevel vibrational or electronic state. Accordingly, by using theteachings of the present invention in conjunction with the simpleprocesses of heterodyning it becomes readily apparent that microwavefrequencies are not limited to the ground state levels of molecules.

[0519] The present invention has determined that catalysts can actuallystimulate target species indirectly by utilizing at least one heterodynefrequency (e.g., harmonic). However, catalysts can also stimulate thetarget species by direct resonance with at least one fundamentalfrequency of interest. However, the rotational frequencies can result inuse of both mechanisms. For example, FIG. 42 shows a graphicalrepresentation of fine structure spectrum showing the first fourrotational frequencies for CO in the ground state. The first rotationalfrequency for CO is 115 GHz. The heterodyned difference betweenrotational frequencies is also 115 GHz. The first rotational frequencyand the heterodyned difference between frequencies are identical. All ofthe upper level rotational frequencies are harmonics of the firstfrequency. This relationship is not as apparent when one deals only withthe rotational constant “B” of the prior art. However, frequency-basedspectral chemistry analyses, like those of the present invention, makessuch concepts easier to understand.

[0520] Examination of the first level rotational frequencies for LiFshows that it is nearly identical to the heterodyned difference betweenit and the second level rotational frequency. The rotational frequenciesare sequential harmonics of the first rotational frequency. Accordingly,if a molecule is stimulated with a frequency equal to 2B (i.e., aheterodyned harmonic difference between rotational frequencies) thepresent invention teaches that energy will resonate with all the upperrotational frequencies indirectly through heterodynes, and resonatedirectly with the first rotational frequency. This is an importantdiscovery.

[0521] The prior art discloses a number of constants used inspectroscopy that relate in some way or another to the frequencies ofatoms and molecule, just as the rotational constant “B” relates to theharmonic spacing of rotational fine structure molecular frequencies. Thealpha (a) rotation-vibration constant is a good example of this. Thealpha rotation-vibration frequency constant is related to slight changesin the frequencies for the same rotational level, when the vibrationallevel changes. For example, FIG. 43a shows the frequencies for the samerotational levels, but different vibrational levels for LiF. Thefrequencies are almost the same, but vary by a few percent between thedifferent vibrational levels.

[0522] Referring to FIG. 43b, the differences between all thefrequencies for the various rotational transitions at differentvibrational levels of FIG. 43a are shown. The rotational transition 0→1in the top line of FIG. 43b has a frequency of 89,740.46 MHz atvibrational level 0. At vibrational level 1, the 0→1 transition is88,319.18 MHz. The difference between these two rotational frequenciesis 1,421.28 MHz. At vibrational level 2, the 0 1 transition is 86,921.20MHz. The difference between it and the vibrational level 1 frequency(88,319.18 MHz) is 1,397.98 MHz. These slight differences for the same Jrotational level between different vibrational levels are nearlyidentical. For the J=0→1 rotational level they center around a frequencyof 1,400 MHz.

[0523] For the J=1→2 transition, the differences center around 2,800 Hz,and for the J=2→3 transition, the differences center around 4,200 Hz.These different frequencies of 1,400, 2,800 and 4,200, Hz etc., are allharmonics of each other. Further, they are all harmonics of the alpharotation-vibration constant. Just as the actual molecular rotationalfrequencies are harmonics of the rotational constant B, the differencesbetween the rotational frequencies are harmonics of the alpharotation-vibration constant. Accordingly, if a molecule is stimulatedwith a frequency equal to the alpha vibration-rotation frequencies, thepresent invention teaches that energy will resonate with all therotational frequencies indirectly through heterodynes. This is animportant discovery.

[0524] Consider the rotational and vibrational states for the triatomicmolecule OCS shown in FIG. 44. FIG. 44 shows the same rotational level(J=1→2) for different vibrational states in the OCS molecule. For theground vibrational (000) level, J=1→2 transition; and the excitedvibrational state (100) J=1→2 transition, the difference between the twofrequencies is equal to 4× alpha₁ (4α₁). In another excited state, thefrequency difference between the ground vibrational (000) level, J=1→2transition, and the center of the two l-type doublets is 4× alpha₂(4α₂). In a higher excited vibrational state, the frequency differencebetween (000) and (02°0) is 8× alpha₂ (8α₂). Thus, it can be seen thatthe rotation-vibration constants “a” are actually harmonics of molecularfrequencies. Thus, according to the present invention, stimulating amolecule with an “a” frequency, or a harmonic of “a”, will eitherdirectly resonate with or indirectly heterodyne harmonically withvarious rotational-vibrational frequencies of the molecule.

[0525] Another interesting constant is the l-type doubling constant.This constant is also shown in FIG. 44. Specifically, FIG. 44 shows therotational transition J=1→2 for the triatomic molecule OCS. Just as theatomic frequencies are sometimes split into doublets or multiplets, therotational frequencies are also sometimes split into doublets. Thedifference between them is called the l-type doubling constant. Theseconstants are usually smaller (i.e., of a lower frequency) than the aconstants. For the OCS molecule, the a constants are 20.56 and 10.56 MHzwhile the l-type doubling constant is 6.3 MHz. These frequencies are allin the radiowave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

[0526] As discussed previously herein, energy is transferred by twofundamental frequency mechanisms. If frequencies are substantially thesame or match, then energy transfers by direct resonance. Energy canalso transfer indirectly by heterodyning, (i.e., the frequenciessubstantially match after having been added or subtracted with anotherfrequency). Further, as previously stated, the direct or indirectresonant frequencies do not have to match exactly. If they are merelyclose, significant amounts of energy will still transfer. Any of theseconstants or frequencies that are related to molecules or other mattervia heterodynes, can be used to transfer, for example, energy to thematter and hence can directly interact with the matter.

[0527] In the reaction in which hydrogen and oxygen are combined to formwater, the present invention teaches that the energizing of the reactionintermediates of atomic hydrogen and the hydroxy radical are crucial tosustaining the reaction. In this regard, the physical catalyst platinumenergizes both reaction intermediates by directly and indirectlyresonating with them. Platinum also energizes the intermediates atmultiple energy levels, creating the conditions for energyamplification. The present invention also teaches how to copy platinum'smechanism of action by making use of atomic fine structure frequencies.

[0528] The invention has previously discussed resonating with the finestructure frequencies with only slight variations between thefrequencies (e.g., 456.676 and 456.686 THz). However, indirectlyresonating with the fine structure frequencies, is a significantdifference. Specifically, by using the fine splitting frequencies, whichare simply the differences or heterodynes between the fine structurefrequencies, the present invention teaches that indirect resonance canbe achieved. By examining the hydrogen 456 THz fine structure and finesplitting frequencies (see, for example, FIGS. 30 and 31 and Table 3many heterodynes are shown). In other words, the difference between thefine structure frequencies can be calculated as follows:

456.686 THz−456.676 THz=0.0102 THz=10.2 GHz

[0529] Thus, if hydrogen atoms are subjected to 10.2 GHz electromagneticenergy (i.e., energy corresponding to microwaves), then the 456 THzelectronic spectrum frequency is energized by resonating with itindirectly. In other words, the 10.2 GHz will add to 456.676 THz toproduce the resonant frequency of 456.686 THz. The 10.2 GHz will alsosubtract from the 456.686 THz to produce the resonant frequency of456.676 THz. Thus, by introducing 10.2 GHz to a hydrogen atom, thehydrogen atom is excited at the 456 THz frequency. A microwave frequencycan be used to stimulate an electronic level.

[0530] According to the present invention, it is also possible to use acombination of mimicked catalyst mechanisms. For example, it is possibleto: 1) resonate with the hydrogen atom frequencies indirectly throughheterodynes (i.e., fine splitting frequencies); and/or 2) resonate withthe hydrogen atom at multiple frequencies. Such multiple resonatingcould occur using a combination of microwave frequencies eithersimultaneously, in sequence, and/or in chirps or bursts. For example,the individual microwave fine splitting frequencies for hydrogen of10.87 GHz, 10.2 GHz, 3.23 GHz, 1.38 GHz, and 1.06 GHz could be used in asequence. Further, there are many fine splitting frequencies forhydrogen that have not been expressly included herein, thus, dependingon the frequency range of equipment available, the present inventionprovides a means for tailoring the chosen frequencies to thecapabilities of the available equipment. Thus, the flexibility accordingto the teachings of the present invention is enormous.

[0531] Another method to deliver multiple electromagnetic energyfrequencies according to the present invention, is to use a lowerfrequency as a carrier wave for a higher frequency. This can be done,for example, by producing 10.2 GHz EM energy in short bursts, with thebursts coming at a rate of about 239 MEfz. Both of these frequencies arefine splitting frequencies for hydrogen. This can also be achieved bycontinuously delivering EM energy and by varying the amplitude at a rateof about 239 MHz. These techniques can be used alone or in combinationwith the various other techniques disclosed herein.

[0532] Thus, by mimicking one or more mechanisms of action of catalystsand by making use of the atomic fine structure and splittingfrequencies, it is possible to energize upper levels of atoms usingmicrowave and radiowave frequencies. Accordingly, by selectivelyenergizing or targeting particular atoms, it is possible to catalyze andguide desirable reactions to desired end products. Depending on thecircumstances, the option to use lower frequencies may have manyadvantages. Lower frequencies typically have much better penetrationinto large reaction spaces and volumes, and may be better suited tolarge-scale industrial applications. Lower frequencies may be easier todeliver with portable, compact equipment, as opposed to large, bulkyequipment which delivers higher frequencies (e.g., lasers). The choiceof frequencies of a spectral catalyst may be for as simple a reason asto avoid interference from other sources of EM energy. Thus, accordingto the present invention, an understanding of the basic processes ofheterodyning and fine structure splitting frequencies confers greaterflexibility in designing and applying spectral energy catalysts in atargeted manner. Specifically, rather than simply reproducing thespectral pattern of a physical catalyst, the present invention teachesthat is possible to make full use of the entire range of frequencies inthe electromagnetic spectrum, so long as the teachings of the presentinvention are followed. Thus, certain desirable frequencies can beapplied while other not so desirable frequencies could be left out of anapplied spectral energy catalyst targeted to a particular participantand/or component in the reaction system.

[0533] As a further example, reference is again made to the hydrogen andoxygen reaction for the formation of water. If it is desired to catalyzethe water reaction by duplicating the catalyst's mechanism of action inthe microwave region, the present invention teaches that several optionsare available. Another such option is use of the knowledge that platinumenergizes the reaction intermediates of the hydroxy radical. In additionto the hydrogen atom, the B frequency for the hydroxy radical is 565.8GHz. That means that the actual heterodyned difference between therotational frequencies is 2B, or 1,131.6 GHz. Accordingly, such afrequency could be utilized to achieve excitement of the hydroxy radicalintermediate.

[0534] Further, the α constant for the hydroxy radical is 21.4 GHz.Accordingly, this frequency could also be applied to energizing thehydroxy radical. Thus, by introducing hydrogen and oxygen gases into achamber and irradiating the gases with 21.4 GHz, water will be formed.This particular gigahertz energy is a harmonic heterodyne of therotational frequencies for the same rotational level but differentvibrational levels. The heterodyned frequency energizes all therotational frequencies, which energize the vibrational levels, whichenergize the electronic frequencies, which catalyze the reaction.Accordingly, the aforementioned reaction could be catalyzed or targetedwith a spectral catalyst applied at several applicable frequencies, allof which match with one or more frequencies in one or more participantsand thus permit energy to transfer.

[0535] Still further, delivery of frequencies of 565.8 GHz, or even1,131.6 GHz, would result in substantially all of the rotational levelsin the molecule becoming energized, from the ground state all the wayup. This approach copies a catalyst mechanism of action in two ways. Thefirst way is by energizing the hydroxy radical and sustaining a crucialreaction intermediate to catalyze the formation of water. The secondmechanism copied from the catalyst is to energize multiple levels in themolecule. Because the rotational constant “B” relates to the rotationalfrequencies, heterodynes occur at all levels in the molecule. Thus,using the frequency “B” energizes all levels in the molecule. Thispotentiates the establishment of an energy amplification system such asthat which occurs with the physical catalyst platinum.

[0536] Still further, if a molecule was energized with a frequencycorresponding to an l-type doubling constant, such frequency could beused in a substantially similar manner in which a fine splittingfrequency from an atomic spectrum is used. The difference between thetwo frequencies in a doublet is a heterodyne, and energizing the doubletwith its' heterodyne frequency (i.e., the splitting frequency) wouldenergize the basic frequency and catalyze the reaction.

[0537] A still further example utilizes a combination of frequencies foratomic fine structure. For instance, by utilizing a constant centralfrequency of 1,131.6 GHz (i.e., the heterodyned difference betweenrotational frequencies for a hydroxy radical) with a vibrato varyingaround the central frequency by ±21.4 GHz (i.e., the a constant harmonicfor variations between rotational frequencies), use could be made of1.131.6 GHz EM energy in short bursts, with the bursts coming at a rateof 21.4 GHz.

[0538] Since there is slight variation between rotational frequenciesfor the same level, that frequency range can be used to constructbursts. For example, if the largest “B” is 565.8 GHz, then a rotationalfrequency heterodyne corresponds to 1,131.6 GHz. If the smallest “B” is551.2 GHz, this corresponds to a rotational frequency heterodyne of1,102 GHz. Thus, “chirps” or bursts of energy starting at 1,100 GHz andincreasing in frequency to 1,140 GHz, could be used. In fact, thetransmitter could be set to “chirp” or burst at a rate of 21.4 GHz.

[0539] In any event, there are many ways to make use of the atomic andmolecular fine structure frequencies, with their attendant heterodynesand harmonics. An understanding of catalyst mechanisms of action enablesone of ordinary skill armed with the teachings of the present inventionto utilize a spectral catalyst from the high frequency ultraviolet andvisible light regions, down into the sometimes more manageable microwaveand radiowave regions. Moreover, the invention enables an artisan ofordinary skill to calculate and/or determine the effects of microwaveand radiowave energies on chemical reactions and/or reaction pathways.

[0540] Hyperfine Frequencies

[0541] Hyperfine structure frequencies are similar to the fine structurefrequencies. Fine structure frequencies can be seen by magnifying aportion of a standard frequency spectrum. Hyperfine frequencies can beseen by magnifying a portion of a fine structure spectrum. Finestructure splitting frequencies occur at lower frequencies than theelectronic spectra, primarily in the infrared and microwave regions ofthe electromagnetic spectrum. Hyperfine splitting frequencies occur ateven lower frequencies than the fine structure spectra, primarily in themicrowave and radio wave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Finestructure frequencies are generally caused by at least the electroninteracting with its' own magnetic field. Hyperfine frequencies aregenerally caused by at least the electron interacting with the magneticfield of the nucleus.

[0542]FIG. 36 shows the rotation-vibration band frequency spectra for anSF₆ molecule. The rotation-vibration band and fine structure are shownagain in FIG. 45. However, the fine structure frequencies are seen bymagnifying a small section of the standard vibrational band spectrum(i.e., the lower portion of FIG. 45 shows some of the fine structurefrequencies). In many respects, looking at fine structure frequencies islike using a magnifying glass to look at a standard spectrum.Magnification of what looks like a flat and uninteresting portion of astandard vibrational frequency band shows many more curves with lowerfrequency splitting. These many other curves are the fine structurecurves. Similarly, by magnifying a small and seemingly uninterestingportion of the fine structure spectrum of the result is yet anotherspectrum of many more curves known as the hyperfine spectrum.

[0543] A small portion (i.e., from zero to 300) of the SF₆ finestructure spectrum is magnified in FIG. 46. The hyperfine spectrumincludes many curves split part by even lower frequencies. This time thefine structure spectrum was magnified instead of the regular vibrationalspectrum. What is found is even more curves, even closer together. FIGS.47a and 47 b show a further magnification of the two curves marked withasterisks (i.e., “*” and “**” in FIG. 46.

[0544] What appears to be a single crisp curve in FIG. 46, turns out tobe a series of several curves spaced very close together. These are thehyperfine frequency curves. Accordingly, the fine structure spectra iscomprised of several more curves spaced very close together. These othercurves spaced even closer together correspond to the hyperfinefrequencies.

[0545]FIGS. 47a and 47 b show that the spacing of the hyperfinefrequency curves are very close together and at somewhat regularintervals. The small amount that the hyperfine curves are split apart iscalled the hyperfine splitting frequency. The hyperfine splittingfrequency is also a heterodyne. This concept is substantially similar tothe concept of the fine splitting frequency. The difference between twocurves that are split apart is called a splitting frequency. As before,the difference between two curves is referred to as a heterodynefrequency. So, hyperfine splitting frequencies are all heterodynes ofhyperfine frequencies.

[0546] Because the hyperfine frequency curves result from amagnification of the fine structure curves, the hyperfine splittingfrequencies occur at only a fraction of the fine structure splittingfrequencies. The fine structure splitting frequencies are really justseveral curves, spaced very close together around the regular spectrumfrequency. Magnification of fine structure splitting frequencies resultsin hyperfine splitting frequencies. The hyperfine splitting frequenciesare really just several more curves, spaced very close together. Thecloser together the curves are, the smaller the distance or frequencyseparating them. Now the distance separating any two curves is aheterodyne frequency. So, the closer together any two curves are, thesmaller (lower) is the heterodyne frequency between them. The distancebetween hyperfine splitting frequencies (i.e., the amount that hyperfinefrequencies are split apart) is the hyperfine splitting frequency. Itcan also be called a constant or interval.

[0547] The electronic spectrum frequency of hydrogen is 2,466 THz. The2,466 THz frequency is made up of fine structure curves spaced 10.87 GHz(0.01087 THz) apart. Thus, the fine splitting frequency is 10.87 GHz.Now the fine structure curves are made up of hyperfine curves. Thesehyperfine curves are spaced just 23.68 and 59.21 MHz apart. Thus, 23 and59 MHz are both hyperfine splitting frequencies for hydrogen. Otherhyperfine splitting frequencies for hydrogen include 2.71, 4.21, 7.02,17.55, 52.63, 177.64, and 1,420.0 MHz. The hyperfine splittingfrequencies are spaced even closer together than the fine structuresplitting frequencies, so the hyperfine splitting frequencies aresmaller and lower than the fine splitting frequencies.

[0548] Thus, the hyperfine splitting frequencies are lower than the finesplitting frequencies. This means that rather than being in the infraredand microwave regions, as the fine splitting frequencies can be, thehyperfine splitting frequencies are in the microwave and radiowaveregions. These lower frequencies are in the MHz (10⁶ hertz) and Khz (10³hertz) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Several of the hyperfinesplitting frequencies for hydrogen are shown in FIG. 48. (FIG. 48 showshyperfine structure in the n=2 to n=3 transition of hydrogen).

[0549]FIG. 49 shows the hyperfine frequencies for CH₃I. Thesefrequencies are a magnification of the fine structure frequencies forthat molecule. Since fine structure frequencies for molecules areactually rotational frequencies, what is shown is actually the hyperfinesplitting of rotational frequencies. FIG. 49 shows the hyperfinesplitting of just the J=1→2 rotational transition. The splitting betweenthe two tallest curves is less than 100 MHz.

[0550]FIG. 50 shows another example of the molecule ClCN. This set ofhyperfine frequencies is from the J=1→2 transition of the groundvibrational state for ClCN. Notice that the hyperfine frequencies areseparated by just a few megahertz, (MHz) and in a few places by lessthan even one megahertz.

[0551] The energy-level diagram and spectrum of the J=½→{fraction (3/2)}rotational transition for NO is shown if FIG. 51.

[0552] In FIG. 52, the hyperfine splitting frequencies for NH₃ areshown. Notice that the frequencies are spaced so close together that thescale at the bottom is in kilohertz (Kc/sec). The hyperfine features ofthe lines were obtained using a beam spectrometer.

[0553] Just as with fine splitting frequencies, the hyperfine splittingfrequencies are heterodynes of atomic and molecular frequencies.Accordingly, if an atom or molecule is stimulated with a frequency equalto a hyperfine splitting frequency (a heterodyned difference betweenhyperfine frequencies), the present invention teaches that the energywill equal to a hyperfine splitting frequency will resonate with thehyperfine frequencies indirectly through heterodynes. The relatedrotational, vibrational, and/or electronic energy levels will, in turn,be stimulated. This is an important discovery. It allows one to use moreradio and microwave frequencies to selectively stimulate and targetspecific reaction system components (e.g., atomic hydrogen intermediatescan be stimulated with, for example, (2.55, 23.68 59.2 and/or 1,420MHz).

[0554] Hyperfine frequencies, like fine frequencies, also containfeatures such as doublets. Specifically, in a region where one wouldexpect to find only a single hyperfine frequency curve, there are twocurves instead. Typically, one on either side of the location where asingle hyperfine frequency was expected. Hyperfine doubling is shown inFIGS. 53 and 54. This hyperfine spectrum is also from NH_(3.) FIG. 53corresponds to the J=3 rotational level and FIG. 54 corresponds to theJ=4 rotational level. The doubling can be seen most easily in the J=3curves (i.e., FIG. 53). There are two sets of short curves, a tall one,and then two more short sets. Each of the short sets of curves isgenerally located where one would expect to find just one curve. Thereare two curves instead, one on either side of the main curve location.Each set of curves is a hyperfine doublet.

[0555] There are different notations to indicate the source of thedoubling such as l-type doubling, K doubling, and A doubling, etc., andthey all have their own constants or intervals. Without going into thedetailed theory behind the formation of various types of doublets, theinterval between any two hyperfine multiplet curves is also aheterodyne, and thus all of these doubling constants represent frequencyheterodynes. Accordingly, those frequency heterodynes (i.e., hyperfineconstants) can also be used as spectral energy catalysts according tothe present invention.

[0556] Specifically, a frequency in an atom or molecule can bestimulated directly or indirectly. If the goal was to stimulate the2,466 THz frequency of hydrogen for some reason, then, for example, anultraviolet laser could irradiate the hydrogen with 2,466 THzelectromagnetic radiation. This would stimulate the atom directly.However, if such a laser was unavailable, then hydrogen's fine structuresplitting frequency of 10.87 GHz could be achieved with microwaveequipment. The gigahertz frequency would heterodyne (i.e., add orsubtract) with the two closely spaced fine structure curves at 2,466,and stimulate the 2,466 THz frequency band. This would stimulate theatom indirectly.

[0557] Still further, the atom could be stimulated by using thehyperfine splitting frequency for hydrogen at 23.68 MHz as produced byradiowave equipment. The 23.68 MHz frequency would heterodyne (i.e., addor subtract) with the two closely spaced hyperfine frequency curves at2,466, and stimulate the fine structure curves at the 2,466 THz.Stimulation of the fine structure curves would in turn lead tostimulation of the 2,466 THz electronic frequency for the hydrogen atom.

[0558] Still further, additional hyperfine splitting frequencies forhydrogen in the radiowave and microwave portions of the electromagneticspectrum could also be used to stimulate the atom. For example, a radiowave pattern with 2.7 MHz, 4.2 MHz, 7 MHz, 18 MHz, 23 MHz, 52 MHz, and59 MHz could be used. This would stimulate several different hyperfinefrequencies of hydrogen, and it would stimulate them essentially all atthe same time. This would cause stimulation of the fine structurefrequencies, which in turn would stimulate the electronic frequencies inthe hydrogen atom.

[0559] Still further, depending on available equipment and/or design,and/or processing constraints, some delivery mode variations can also beused. For example, one of the lower frequencies could be a carrierfrequency for the upper frequencies. A continuous frequency of 52 MHzcould be varied in amplitude at a rate of 2.7 MHz. Or, a 59 MHzfrequency could be pulsed at a rate of 4.2 MHz. There are various waysin which these frequencies can be combined and/or delivered, includingdifferent wave shapes durations, intensity shapes, duty cycles, etc.Depending on which of the hyperfine splitting frequencies arestimulated, the evolution of, for example, various and specifictransients may be precisely tailored and controlled, allowing precisecontrol over reaction systems using the fine and/or hyperfine splittingfrequencies.

[0560] Accordingly, a major point of the present invention is once it isunderstood the energy transfers when frequencies match, then determiningwhich frequencies are available for matching is the next step. Thisinvention discloses precisely how to achieve that goal. Interactionsbetween equipment limitations, processing constraints, etc., can decidewhich frequencies are best suited for a particular purpose. Thus, bothdirect resonance and indirect resonance are suitable approaches for theuse of spectral energy catalysts.

[0561] Electric Fields

[0562] Another means for modifying the spectral pattern of substances,is to expose a substance to an electric field. Specifically, in thepresence of an electric field, spectral frequency lines of atoms andmolecules can be split, shifted, broadened, or changed in intensity. Theeffect of an electric field on spectral lines is known as the “StarkEffect”, in honor of its' discoverer, J. Stark. In 1913, Starkdiscovered that the Balmer series of hydrogen (i.e., curve II of FIGS.9a and 9 b) was split into several different components, while Stark wasusing a high electric field in the presence of a hydrogen flame. In theintervening years, Stark's original observation has evolved into aseparate branch of spectroscopy, namely the study of the structure ofatoms and molecules by measuring the changes in their respectivespectral lines caused by an electric field.

[0563] The electric field effects have some similarities to fine andhyperfine splitting frequencies. Specifically, as previously discussedherein, fine structure and hyperfine structure frequencies, along withtheir low frequency splitting or coupling constants, were caused byinteractions inside the atom or molecule, between the electric field ofthe electron and the magnetic field of the electron or nucleus. Electricfield effects are similar, except that instead of the electric fieldcoming from inside the atom, the electric field is applied from outsidethe atom. The Stark effect is primarily the interaction of an externalelectric field, from outside the atom or molecule, with the electric andmagnetic fields already established within the atom or molecule.

[0564] When examining electric field effects on atoms, molecules, ionsand/or components thereof, the nature of the electric field should alsobe considered (e.g., such as whether the electric field is static ordynamic). A static electric field may be produced by a direct current. Adynamic electric field is time varying, and may be produced by analternating current. If the electric field is from an alternatingcurrent, then the frequency of the alternating current compared to thefrequencies of the, for instance atom or molecule, should also beconsidered.

[0565] In atoms, an external electric field disturbs the chargedistribution of the atom's electrons. This disturbance of the electron'sown electric field induces a dipole moment in it (i.e., slightlylopsided charge distribution). This lopsided electron dipole moment theninteracts with the external electric field. In other words, the externalelectric field first induces a dipole moment in the electron field, andthen interacts with the dipole. The end result is that the atomicfrequencies become split into several different frequencies. The amountthe frequencies are split apart depends on the strength of the electricfield. In other words, the stronger the electric field, the fartherapart the splitting.

[0566] If the splitting varies directly with the electric fieldstrength, then it is called first order splitting (i.e., Δv=AF where Δvis the splitting frequency, A is a constant and F is the electric fieldstrength. When the splitting varies with the square of the fieldstrength, it is called a second order or quadriatic effect (i.e.,Δv=BF²). One or both effects may be seen in various forms of matter. Forexample, the hydrogen atom exhibits first order Stark effects at lowelectric field strengths, and second order effects at high fieldstrengths. Other electric field effects which vary with the cube or thefourth power, etc., of the electric field strength are less studied, butproduce splitting frequencies nonetheless. A second order electric fieldeffect for potassium is shown in FIGS. 55 and 56. FIG. 55 shows theschematic dependence of the 4s and 5p energy levels on the electricfield. FIG. 56 shows a plot of the deviation from zero-field positionsof the 5p²P1/2.3/2 4s²S1/2 transition wavenumbers against the square ofthe electric field. Note that the frequency splitting or separation ofthe frequencies (i.e., deviation from zero-field wavenumber) varies withthe square of the electric field strength (v/cm)².

[0567] The mechanism for the Stark effect in molecules is simpler thanthe effect is in atoms. Most molecules already have an electric dipolemoment (i.e., a slightly uneven charge distribution). The externalelectric field simply interacts with the electric dipole moment alreadyinside the molecule. The type of interaction, a first or a second orderStark effect, is different for differently shaped molecules. Forexample, most symmetric top molecules have first-order Stark effects.Asymmetric rotors typically have second-order Stark effects. Thus, inmolecules, as in atoms, the splitting or separation of the frequenciesdue to the external electric field, is proportional either to theelectric field strength itself, or to the square of the electric fieldstrength.

[0568] An example of this is shown in FIG. 57, which diagrams howfrequency components of the J=0→1 rotational transition for the moleculeCH₃Cl respond to an external electric field. When the electric field isvery small (e.g., less than 10 E² esu²/cm²), the primary effect isshifting of the three rotational frequencies to higher frequencies. Asthe field strength is increased (e.g., between 10 and 20 E² esu²/cm²),the three rotational frequencies split into five different frequencies.With continued increases in the electric field strength, the now fivefrequencies continue to shift to even higher frequencies. Some of theintervals or differences between the five frequencies remain the sameregardless of the electric field strength, while other intervals becomeprogressively larger and higher. Thus, a heterodyned frequency mightstimulate splitting frequencies at one electric field strength, but notat another.

[0569] Another molecular example is shown in FIG. 58. (This is a diagramof the Stark Effect in the same OCS molecule shown in FIG. 44 for theJ=1→2). The J=1→2 rotational transition frequency is shown centered atzero on the horizontal frequency axis in FIG. 58. That frequencycentered at zero is a single frequency when there is no externalelectric field. When an electric field is added, however, the singlerotational frequency splits into two. The stronger the electric fieldis, the wider the splitting is between the two frequencies. One of thenew frequencies shifts up higher and higher, while the other frequencyshifts lower and lower. Because the difference between the twofrequencies changes when the electric field strength changes, aheterodyned splitting frequency might stimulate the rotational level atone electric field strength, but not at another. An electric field caneffect the spectral frequencies of reaction participants, and thusimpact the spectral chemistry of a reaction.

[0570] Broadening and shifting of spectral lines also occurs with theintermolecular Stark effect. The intermolecular Stark effect is producedwhen the electric field from surrounding atoms, ions, or molecules,affects the spectral emissions of the species under study. In otherwords, the external electric field comes from other atoms and moleculesrather than from a DC or AC current. The other atoms and molecules arein constant motion, and thus their electric fields are inhomogeneous inspace and time. Instead of a frequency being split into several easilyseen narrow frequencies, the original frequency simply becomes muchwider, encompassing most, if not all, of what would have been the splitfrequencies, (i.e., it is broadened). Solvents, support materials,poisons, promoters, etc., are co+mposed of atoms and molecules andcomponents thereof. It is now understood that many of their effects arethe result of the intermolecular Stark effect.

[0571] The above examples demonstrate how an electric field splits,shifts, and broadens spectral frequencies for matter. However,intensities of the lines can also be affected. Some of these variationsin intensity are shown in FIGS. 59a and 59 b.FIG. 59a shows patterns ofStark components for transitions in the rotation of an asymmetric topmolecule for the J=4→5 transition; whereas FIG. 59b corresponds toJ=4→4. The intensity variations depend on rotational transitions,molecular structure, etc., and the electric field strength.

[0572] An interesting Stark effect is shown in a structure such as amolecule, which has hyperfine (rotational) frequencies. The general rulefor the creation of hyperfine frequencies is that the hyperfinefrequencies result from an interaction between electrons and thenucleus. This interaction can be affected by an external electric field.If the applied external electric field is weak, then the Stark energy ismuch less than the energy of the hyperfine energy (i.e., rotationalenergy). The hyperfine lines are split into various new lines, and theseparation (i.e., splitting) between the lines is very small (i.e., atradio frequencies and extra low frequencies).

[0573] If the external electric field is very strong, then the Starkenergy is much larger than the hyperfine energy, and the molecule istossed, sometimes violently, back and forth by the electric field. Inthis case, the hyperfine structure is radically changed. It is almost asthough there no longer is any hyperfine structure. The Stark splittingis substantially the same as that which would have been observed ifthere were no hyperfine frequencies, and the hyperfine frequenciessimply act as a small perturbation to the Stark splitting frequencies.

[0574] If the external electric field is intermediate in strength, thenthe Stark and hyperfine energies are substantially equivalent. In thiscase, the calculations become very complex. Generally, the Starksplitting is close to the same frequencies as the hyperfine splitting,but the relative intensities of the various components can vary rapidlywith slight changes in the strength of the external electric field.Thus, at one electric field strength one splitting frequency maypredominate, while at an electric field strength just 1% higher, atotally different Stark frequency could predominate in intensity.

[0575] All of the preceding discussion on the Stark effect hasconcentrated on the effects due to a static electric field, such as onewould find with a direct current. The Stark effects of a dynamic, ortime-varying electric field produced by an alternating current, arequite interesting and can be quite different. Just which of thoseaffects appear, depends on the frequency of the electric field (i.e.,alternating current) compared to the frequency of the matter inquestion. If the electric field is varying very slowly, such as with 60Hz wall outlet electricity, then the normal or static type of electricfield effect occurs. As the electric field varies from zero to maximumfield strength, the matter frequencies vary from their unsplitfrequencies to their maximally split frequencies at the rate of thechanging electric field. Thus, the electric field frequency modulatesthe frequency of the splitting phenomena.

[0576] However, as the electrical frequency increases, the firstfrequency measurement it will begin to overtake is the line width (seeFIG. 16 for a diagram of line width). The line width of a curve is its'distance across, and the measurement is actually a very tiny heterodynefrequency measurement from one side of the curve to the other side. Linewidth frequencies are typically around 100 KHz at room temperature. Inpractical terms, line width represents a relaxation time for molecules,where the relaxation time is the time required for any transientphenomena to disappear. So, if the electrical frequency is significantlysmaller than the line width frequency, the molecule has plenty of timeto adjust to the slowly changing electric field, and the normal orstatic-type Stark effects occur.

[0577] If the electrical frequency is slightly less than the line widthfrequency, the molecule changes its' frequencies substantially in rhythmwith the frequency of the electric field (i.e., it entrains to thefrequency of the electric field). This is shown in FIG. 60 which showsthe Stark effect for OCS on the J=1→2 transition with applied electricfields at various frequencies. The letter “a” corresponds to the Starkeffect with a static DC electric field; “b” corresponds to a broadeningand blurring of the Stark frequencies with a 1 KHz electric field; and“c” corresponds to a normal Stark effect with an electric field of 1,200KHz. As the electric field frequency approaches the KHz line widthrange, the Stark curves vary their frequencies with the electric fieldfrequency and become broadened and somewhat blurred. When the electricfield frequency moves up and beyond the line width range to about 1,200KHz, the normal Stark type curves again become crisp anddistinguishable. In many respects, the molecule cannot keep up with therapid electrical field variation and simply averages the Stark effect.In all three cases, the cyclic splitting of the Stark frequencies ismodulated with the electrical field frequency, or its' first harmonic(i.e., 2× the electrical field frequency).

[0578] The next frequency measurement that an ever-increasing electricalfrequency will overtake in a molecule is the transitional frequencybetween two rotational levels (i.e., hyperfine frequencies). As theelectric field frequency approaches a transitional frequency between twolevels, the radiation of the transitional frequency in the molecule willinduce transitions back and forth between the levels. The moleculeoscillates back and forth between both levels, at the frequency of theelectric field. When the electric field and transition level frequenciesare substantially the same (i.e., in resonance), the molecule will beoscillating back and forth in both levels, and the spectral lines forboth levels will appear simultaneously and at approximately the sameintensity. Normally, only one frequency level is seen at a time, but aresonant electric field causes the molecule to be at both levels atessentially the same time, and so both transitional frequencies appearin its' spectrum.

[0579] Moreover, for sufficiently large electric fields (e.g., thoseused to generate plasmas) additional transition level frequencies canoccur at regular spacings substantially equal to the electric fieldfrequency. Also, splitting of the transition level frequencies canoccur, at frequencies of the electric field frequency divided by oddnumbers (e.g., electric field frequency “f_(E)” divided by 3, or 5, or7, i.e., f_(E)/3 or f_(E)/5, etc.).

[0580] All the varied effects of electric fields cause new frequencies,new splitting frequencies and new energy level states.

[0581] Further, when the electric field frequency equals a transitionlevel frequency of for instance, an atom or molecule, a second componentwith an opposite frequency charge and equal intensity can develop. Thisis negative Stark effect, with the two components of equal and oppositefrequency charges destructively canceling each other. In spectralchemistry terms this amounts to a negative catalyst or poison in thereaction system, if the transition thus targeted was important to thereaction pathway. Thus, electric fields cause the Stark effect, which isthe splitting, shifting, broadening, or changing intensity and changingtransitional states of spectral frequencies for matter, (e.g., atoms andmolecules). As with many of the other mechanisms that have beendiscussed herein, changes in the spectral frequencies of reactionsystems can affect the reaction rate and/or reaction pathway. Forexample, consider a reaction system like the following:

[0582] where A&B are reactants, C is a physical catalyst, I stands forthe intermediates, and D&F are the products.

[0583] Assume arguendo that the reaction normally progresses at only amoderate rate, by virtue of the fact that the physical catalyst producesseveral frequencies that are merely close to harmonics of theintermediates. Further assume that when an electric field is added, thecatalyst frequencies are shifted so that several of the catalystfrequencies are now exact or substantially exact harmonics of theintermediates. This will result in, for example, the reaction beingcatalyzed at a faster rate. Thus, the Stark effect can be used to obtaina more efficient energy transfer through the matching of frequencies(i.e., when frequencies match, energies transfer).

[0584] If a reaction normally progresses at only a moderate rate, many“solutions” have included subjecting the reaction system to extremelyhigh pressures. The high pressures result in a broadening of thespectral patterns, which improves the transfer of energy through amatching of resonant frequencies. By understanding the underlyingcatalyst mechanisms of action, high pressure systems could be replacedwith, for example, a simple electric field which produces broadening.Not only would this be less costly to an industrial manufacturer, itcould be much safer for manufacturing due to the removal of, forexample, high pressure equipment.

[0585] Some reactants when mixed together do not react very quickly atall, but when an electric field is added they react rather rapidly. Theprior art may refer to such a reaction as being catalyzed by an electricfield and the equations would look like this:

[0586] where E is the electric field. In this case, rather than applyinga catalyst “C” (as discussed previously) to obtain the products “D+F”,an electric field “E” can be applied. In this instance, the electricfield works by changing the spectral frequencies (or spectral pattern)of one or more components in the reaction system so that the frequenciescome into resonance, and the reaction can proceed along a desiredreaction pathway (i.e., when frequencies match, energy is transferred).Understood in this way, the electric field becomes just another tool tochange spectral frequencies of atoms and molecules, and thereby affectreaction rates in spectral chemistry.

[0587] Reaction pathways are also important. In the absence of anelectrical field, a reaction pathway will progress to one set ofproducts:

[0588] However, if an electrical field is added, at some particularstrength of the field, the spectral frequencies may change so much, thata different intermediate is energized and the reaction proceeds down adifferent reaction pathway:

[0589] This is similar to the concept discussed earlier herein,regarding the formation of different products depending on temperature.The changes in temperature caused changes in spectral frequencies, andhence different reaction pathways were favored at differenttemperatures. Likewise, electric fields cause changes in spectralfrequencies, and hence different reactions pathways are favored bydifferent electric fields. By tailoring an electric field to aparticular reaction system, one can control not only the rate of thereaction but also the reaction products produced.

[0590] The ability to tailor reactions, with or without a physicalcatalyst, by varying the strength of an electric field should be usefulin many manufacturing situations. For example, it might be more costeffective to build only one physical set-up for a reaction system and touse one or more electric fields to change the reaction dynamics andproducts, depending on which product is desired. This would save theexpense of having a separate physical set-up for production of eachgroup of products.

[0591] Besides varying the strength of an electric field, the frequencyof an electric field can also be varied. Assuming that a reaction willproceed at a much faster rate if a particular strength static electricfield (i.e., direct current) is added as in the following:

[0592] But further assume, that because of reactor design and location,it is much easier to deliver a time-varying electric field withalternating current. A very low frequency field, such as with a 60 Hzwall outlet, can produce the normal or static-type Stark effect. Thus,the reactor could be adapted to the 60 Hz electric field and enjoy thesame increase in reaction rate that would occur with the static electricfield.

[0593] If a certain physical catalyst produces spectral frequencies thatare close to intermediate frequencies, but are not exact, it is possiblethat the activity of the physical catalyst in the past may have beenimproved by using higher temperatures. As disclosed earlier herein, thehigher temperatures actually broadened the physical catalyst's spectralpattern to cause the frequency of the physical catalyst to be at least apartial match for at least one of the intermediates. What is significanthere is that high temperature boilers can be minimized, or eliminatedaltogether, and in their stead a moderate frequency electric fieldwhich, for example, broadened the spectral frequencies, could be used.For example, a frequency of around 100 Khz, equivalent to the typicalline width frequencies at room temperature, could broaden substantiallyall of the spectral curves and cause the physical catalyst's spectralcurves to match those of, for example, required intermediates. Thus, theelectric field could cause the matter to behave as though thetemperature had been raised, even though it had not been. (Similarly,any spectral manipulation, (e.g., electric fields acoustics,heterodynes, etc., that cause changes in the spectral line width, maycause a material to behave as though its temperature had been changed).

[0594] The cyclic splitting of the Stark frequencies can be modulatedwith the electrical field frequency or its' first harmonic (i.e.,first-order Stark effects are modulated with the electrical fieldfrequency, while second-order Stark effects are modulated by two timesthe electrical field, frequency). Assume that a metallic platinumcatalyst is used in a hydrogen reaction and it is desired to stimulatethe 2.7 MHz hyperfine frequency of the hydrogen atoms. Earlier herein itwas disclosed that electromagnetic radiation could be used to deliverthe 2.7 MHz frequency. However, use of an alternating electric field at2.7 MHz could be used instead. Since platinum is a metal and conductselectricity well, the platinum can be considered to be a part of thealternating current circuit. The platinum will exhibit a Stark effect,with all the frequencies splitting at a rate of 2.7 MHz. At sufficientlystrong electric fields, additional transition frequencies or “sidebands”will occur at regular spacings equal to the electric field frequency.There will be dozens of split frequencies in the platinum atoms that areheterodynes of 2.7 MHz. This massive heterodyned output may stimulatethe hydrogen hyperfine frequency of 2.7 MHz and direct the reaction.

[0595] Another way to achieve this reaction, of course, would be toleave the platinum out of the reaction altogether. The 2.7 MHz fieldwill have a resonant Stark effect on the hydrogen, separate andindependent of the platinum catalyst. Copper is not normally catalyticfor hydrogen, but copper could be used to construct a reaction vessellike a Stark waveguide to energize the hydrogen. A Stark waveguide isused to perform Stark spectroscopy. It is shown as FIGS. 61a and 61 b.Specifically, FIG. 61a shows the construction of the Stark waveguide,whereas FIG. 61b shows the distribution of fields in the Starkwaveguide. The electrical field is delivered through the conductingplate. A reaction vessel could be made for the flow-through of gases anduse an economical metal such as copper for the conducting plate. Whenthe 2.7 MHz alternating current is delivered through the electricalconnection to the copper conductor plate, the copper spectralfrequencies, none of which are particularly resonant with hydrogen, willexhibit a Stark effect with normal-type splitting. The Stark frequencieswill be split at a rate of 2.7 MHz. At a sufficiently strong electricfield strength, additional sidebands will appear in the copper, withregular spacings (i.e., heterodynes) of 2.7 MHz even though none of theactual copper frequencies matches the hydrogen frequencies, the Starksplitting or heterodynes will match the hydrogen frequency. Dozens ofthe copper split frequencies may resonate indirectly with the hydrogenhyperfine frequency and direct the reaction (i.e., when frequenciesmatch, energies transfer).

[0596] With sophisticated equipment and a good understanding of aparticular system, Stark resonance can be used with a transition levelfrequency. For example, assume that to achieve a particular reactionpathway, a molecule needs to be stimulated with a transition levelfrequency of 500 MHz. By delivering the 500 MHz electrical field to themolecule, this resonant electrical field may cause the molecule tooscillate back and forth between the two levels at the rate of 500 MHz.This electrically creates the conditions for light amplification (i.e.,laser via stimulation of multiple upper energy levels) and any addedelectromagnetic radiation at this frequency will be amplified by themolecule. In this manner, an electrical field may substitute for thelaser effects of physical catalysts.

[0597] In summary, by understanding the underlying spectral mechanismsof chemical reactions, electric fields can be used as yet another toolto catalyze and modify those chemical reactions and/or reaction pathwaysby modifying the spectral characteristics, for example, at least oneparticipant and/or one or more components in the reaction system. Thus,another tool for mimicking catalyst mechanisms of reactions can beutilized.

[0598] Magnetic Fields

[0599] In spectral terms, magnetic fields behave similar to electricfields in their effect. Specifically, the spectral frequency lines, forinstance of atoms and molecules, can be split and shifted by a magneticfield. In this case, the external magnetic field from outside the atomor molecule, interacts with the electric and magnetic fields alreadyinside the atom or molecule.

[0600] This action of an external magnetic field on spectral lines iscalled the “Zeeman Effect”, in honor of its' discoverer, Dutch physicistPieter Zeeman. In 1896, Zeeman discovered that the yellow flamespectroscopy “D” lines of sodium were broadened when the flame was heldbetween strong magnetic poles. It was later discovered that the apparentbroadening of the sodium spectral lines was actually due to theirsplitting and shifting. Zeeman's original observation has evolved into aseparate branch of spectroscopy, relating to the study of atoms andmolecules by measuring the changes in their spectral lines caused by amagnetic field. This in turn has evolved into the nuclear magneticresonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging used in medicine,as well as the laser magnetic resonance and electron spin resonancespectroscopy used in physics and chemistry.

[0601] The Zeeman effect for the famous “D” lines of sodium is shown inFIGS. 62a and 62 b. FIG. 62a shows the Zeeman effect for sodium “D”lines; whereas FIG. 62b shows the energy level diagram for thetransitions in the Zeeman effect for the sodium “D” lines. The “D” linesare traditionally said to result from transition between the 3p²P and3s²S electron orbitals. As is shown, each of the single spectralfrequencies is split into two or more slightly different frequencies,which center around the original unsplit frequency.

[0602] In the Zeeman effect, the amount that the spectral frequenciesare split apart depends on the strength of the applied magnetic field.FIG. 63 shows Zeeman splitting effects for the oxygen atom as a functionof magnetic field. When there is no magnetic field, there are two singlefrequencies at zero and 4.8. When the magnetic field is at low strength(e.g., 0.2 Tesla) there is just slight splitting and shifting of theoriginal two frequencies. However, as the magnetic field is increased,the frequencies are split and shifted farther and farther apart.

[0603] The degree of splitting and shifting in the Zeeman effect,depending on magnetic field strength, is shown in FIG. 64 for the ³Pstate of silicon.

[0604] As with the Stark effect generated from an external electricfield, the Zeeman effect, generated from an external magnetic field, isslightly different depending on whether an atom or molecule is subjectedto the magnetic field. The Zeeman effect on atoms can be divided intothree different magnetic field strengths: weak; moderate; and strong. Ifthe magnetic field strength is weak, the amount that the spectralfrequencies will be shifted and split apart will be very small. Theshifting away from the original spectral frequency will still stimulatethe shifted frequencies. This is because they will be so close to theoriginal spectral frequency that they will still be well within itsresonance curve. As for the splitting, it is so small, that it is evenless than the hyperfine splitting that normally occurs. This means thatin a weak magnetic field, there will be only very slight splitting ofspectral frequencies, translating into very low splitting frequencies inthe lower regions of the radio spectrum and down into the very lowfrequency region. For example, the Zeeman splitting frequency for thehydrogen atom, which is caused by the earth's magnetic field, is around30 KHz. Larger atoms have even lower frequencies in the lower kilohertzand even hertz regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

[0605] Without a magnetic field, an atom can be stimulated by usingdirect resonance with a spectral frequency or by using its fine orhyperfine splitting frequencies in the infrared through microwave, ormicrowave through radio regions, respectively. By merely adding a veryweak magnetic field, the atom can be stimulated with an even lower radioor very low frequency matching the Zeeman splitting frequency. Thus, bysimply using a weak magnetic field, a spectral catalyst range can beextended even lower into the radio frequency range. The weak magneticfield from the Earth causes Zeeman splitting in atoms in the hertz andkilohertz ranges. This means that all atoms, including those inbiological organisms, are sensitive to hertz and kilohertz EMfrequencies, by virtue of being subjected to the Earth's magnetic field.

[0606] At the other end of magnetic field strength, is the very strongmagnetic field. In this case, the splitting apart and shifting of thespectral frequencies will be very wide. With this wide shifting offrequencies, the difference between the split frequencies will be muchlarger than the difference between the hyperfine splitting frequencies.This translates to Zeeman effect splitting frequencies at higherfrequencies than the hyperfine splitting frequencies. This splittingoccurs somewhere around the microwave region. Although the addition of astrong magnetic field does not extend the reach in the electromagneticspectrum at one extreme or the other, as a weak magnetic field does, itstill does provide an option of several more potential spectral catalystfrequencies that can be used in the microwave region.

[0607] The moderate magnetic field strength case is more complicated.The shifting and splitting caused by the Zeeman effect from a moderatemagnetic field will be approximately equal to the hyperfine splitting.Although not widely discussed in the prior art, it is possible to applya moderate magnetic field to an atom, to produce Zeeman splitting whichis substantially equivalent to its' hyperfine splitting. This presentsinteresting possibilities. Methods for guiding atoms in chemicalreactions were disclosed earlier herein by stimulating atoms withhyperfine splitting frequencies. The Zeeman effect provides a way toachieve similar effects without introducing any spectral frequencies atall. For example, by introducing a moderate magnetic field, resonancemay be set-up within the atom itself, that stimulates and/or energizesand/or stabilizes the atom.

[0608] The moderate magnetic field causes low frequency Zeemansplitting, that matches and hence energizes the low frequency hyperfinesplitting frequency in the atom. However, the low hyperfine splittingfrequencies actually correspond to the heterodyned difference betweentwo vibrational or fine structure frequencies. When the hyperfinesplitting frequency is stimulated, the two electronic frequencies willeventually be stimulated. This in turn causes the atom to be, forexample, stimulated. Thus, the Zeeman effect permits a spectral energycatalyst stimulation of an atom by exposing that atom to a precisestrength of a magnetic field, and the use of spectral EM frequencies isnot required (i.e., so long as frequencies match, energies willtransfer). The possibilities are quite interesting because an inertreaction system may suddenly spring to life upon the application of theproper moderate strength magnetic field.

[0609] There is also a difference between the “normal” Zeeman effect andthe “anomalous” Zeeman effect. With the “normal” Zeeman effect, aspectral frequency is split by a magnetic field into three frequencies,with expected even spacing between them (see FIG. 65a which shows the“normal” Zeeman effects and FIG. 65b which shows the “anomalous” Zeemaneffects). One of the new split frequencies is above the originalfrequency, and the other new split frequency is below the originalfrequency. Both new frequencies are split the same distance away fromthe original frequency. Thus, the difference between the upper andoriginal and the lower and original frequencies is about the same. Thismeans that in terms of heterodyne differences, there are at most, twonew heterodyned differences with the normal Zeeman effect. The firstheterodyne or splitting difference is the difference between one of thenew split frequencies and the original frequency. The other splittingdifference is between the upper and lower new split frequencies. It is,of course, twice the frequency difference between either of the upper orlower frequencies and the original frequency.

[0610] In many instances the Zeeman splitting produced by a magneticfield results in more than three frequencies, or in splitting that isspaced differently than expected. This is called the “anomalous” Zeemaneffect (see FIGS. 65 and 66; wherein FIG. 66 shows an anamolous Zeemaneffect for zinc 3p→3s.

[0611] If there are still just three frequencies, and the Zeeman effectis anomalous because the spacing is different than expected, thesituation is similar to the normal effect. However, there are at most,two new splitting frequencies that can be used. If, however, the effectis anomalous because more than three frequencies are produced, thenthere will be a much more richly varied situation. Assume an easy casewhere there are four Zeeman splitting frequencies (see FIGS. 67a andFIG. 67b). FIG. 67a shows four Zeeman splitting frequencies and FIG. 67bshows four new heterodyned differences.

[0612] In this example of anomalous Zeeman splitting, there are a totalof four frequencies, where once existed only one frequency. Forsimplicity's sake, the new Zeeman frequencies will be labeled 1, 2, 3,and 4. Frequencies 3 and 4 are also split apart by the same difference“w”. Thus, “w” is a heterodyned splitting frequency. Frequencies 2 and 3are also split apart by a different amount “x”. So far there are twoheterodyned splitting frequencies, as in the normal Zeeman effect.

[0613] However, frequencies 1 and 3 are split apart by a third amount“y”, where “y” is the sum of “w” and “x”. And, frequencies 2 and 4 arealso split apart by the same third amount “y”. Finally, frequencies 1and 4 are split even farther apart by an amount “z”. Once again, “z” isa summation amount from adding “w+x+w”. Thus, the result is fourheterodyned frequencies: w, x, y, and z in the anomalous Zeeman effect.

[0614] If there were six frequencies present from the anomalous Zeemaneffect, there would be even more heterodyned differences. Thus, theanomalous Zeeman effect results in far greater flexibility in the choiceof frequencies when compared to the normal Zeeman effect. In the normalZeeman effect the original frequency is split into three evenly spacedfrequencies, with a total of just two heterodyned frequencies. In theanomalous Zeeman effect the original frequency is split into four ormore unevenly spaced frequencies, with at least four or more heterodynedfrequencies.

[0615] Now for a discussion of the Zeeman effect in molecules. Moleculescome in three basic varieties: ferromagnetic; paramagnetic; anddiamagnetic. Ferromagnetic molecules are typical magnets. The materialstypically hold a strong magnetic field and are composed of magneticelements such as iron, cobalt, and nickel.

[0616] Paramagnetic molecules hold only a weak magnetic field. If aparamagnetic material is put into an external magnetic field, themagnetic moment of the molecules of the material are lined up in thesame direction as the external magnetic field. Now, the magnetic momentof the molecules is the direction in which the molecules own magneticfield is weighted. Specifically, the magnetic moment of a molecule willtip to whichever side of the molecule is more heavily weighted in termsof its own magnetic field. Thus, paramagnetic molecules will typicallytip in the same direction as an externally applied magnetic field.Because paramagnetic materials line up with an external magnetic field,they are also weakly attracted to sources of magnetic fields.

[0617] Common paramagnetic elements include oxygen, aluminum, sodium,magnesium, calcium and potassium. Stable molecules such as oxygen (O₂)and nitric oxide (NO) are also paramagnetic. Molecular oxygen makes upapproximately 20% of our planet's atmosphere. Both molecules playimportant roles in biologic organisms. In addition, unstable molecules,more commonly known as free radicals, chemical reaction intermediates orplasmas, are also paramagnetic. Paramagnetic ions include hydrogen,manganese, chromium, iron, cobalt, and nickel. Many paramagneticsubstances occur in biological organisms. For instance the blood flowingin our veins is an ionic solution containing red blood cells. The redblood cells contain hemoglobin, which in turn contains ionized iron. Thehemoglobin, and hence the red blood cells, are paramagnetic. Inaddition, hydrogen ions can be found in a multitude of organic compoundsand reactions. For instance, the hydrochloric acid in a stomach containshydrogen ions. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy system of nearlyall biological organisms, requires hydrogen and manganese ions tofunction properly. Thus, the very existence of life itself depends onparamagnetic materials.

[0618] Diamagnetic molecules, on the other hand, are repelled by amagnetic field, and line up what little magnetic moments they have awayfrom the direction of an external magnetic field. Diamagnetic substancesdo not typically hold a magnetic field. Examples of diamagnetic elementsinclude hydrogen, helium, neon, argon, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus,chlorine, copper, zinc, silver, gold, lead, and mercury. Diamagneticmolecules include water, most gases, organic compounds, and salts suchas sodium chloride. Salts are really just crystals of diamagnetic ions.Diamagnetic ions include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium,fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, ammonium, and sulphate. Ioniccrystals usually dissolve easily in water, and as such the ionic watersolution is also diamagnetic. Biologic organisms are filled withdiamagnetic materials, because they are carbon-based life forms. Inaddition, the blood flowing in our veins is an ionic solution containingblood cells. The ionic solution (i.e., blood plasma) is made of watermolecules, sodium ions, potassium ions, chlorine ions, and organicprotein compounds. Hence, our blood is a diamagnetic solution carryingparamagnetic blood cells.

[0619] With regard to the Zeeman effect, first consider the case ofparamagnetic molecules. As with atoms, the effects can be categorized onthe basis of magnetic field strength. If the external magnetic fieldapplied to a paramagnetic molecule is weak, the Zeeman effect willproduce splitting into equally spaced levels. In most cases, the amountof splitting will be directly proportional to the strength of themagnetic field, a “first-order” effect. A general rule of thumb is thata field of one (1) oersted (i.e., slightly larger than the earth'smagnetic field) will produce Zeeman splittings of approximately 1.4 MHzin paramagnetic molecules. Weaker magnetic fields will produce narrowersplittings, at lower frequencies. Stronger magnetic fields will producewider splittings, at higher frequencies. In these first order Zeemaneffects, there is usually only splitting, with no shifting of theoriginal or center frequency, as was present with Zeeman effects onatoms.

[0620] In many paramagnetic molecules there are also second-ordereffects where the Zeeman splitting is proportional to the square of themagnetic field strength. In these cases, the splitting is much smallerand of much lower frequencies. In addition to splitting, the original orcenter frequencies shift as they do in atoms, proportional to themagnetic field strength.

[0621] Sometimes the direction of the magnetic field in relation to theorientation of the molecule makes a difference. For instance, πfrequencies are associated with a magnetic field parallel to an excitingelectromagnetic field, while a frequencies are found when it isperpendicular. Both π and σ frequencies are present with a circularlypolarized electromagnetic field. Typical Zeeman splitting patterns for aparamagnetic molecule in two different transitions are shown in FIG. 68aand 68 b. The π frequencies are seen when ΔM=0, and are above the longhorizontal line. The σ frequencies are seen when ΔM=±1, and are belowthe long horizontal line. If a paramagnetic molecule was placed in aweak magnetic field, circularly polarized light would excite both setsof frequencies in the molecule. Thus, it is possible to control whichset of frequencies are excited in a molecule by controlling itsorientation with respect to the magnetic field.

[0622] When the magnetic field strength is intermediate, the interactionbetween the paramagnetic molecule's magnetic moments and the externallyapplied magnetic field produces Zeeman effects equivalent to otherfrequencies and energies in the molecule. For instance, the Zeemanspitting may be near a rotational frequency and disturb the end-over-endrotational motion of the molecule. The Zeeman splitting and energy maybe particular or large enough to uncouple the molecule's spin from itsmolecular axis.

[0623] If the magnetic field is very strong, the nuclear magnetic momentspin will uncouple from the molecular angular momentum. In this case,the Zeeman effects overwhelm the hyperfine structure, and are of muchhigher energies at much higher frequencies. In spectra of moleculesexposed to strong magnetic fields, hyperfine splitting appears as asmall perturbation of the Zeeman splitting.

[0624] Next, consider Zeeman effects in so called “ordinary molecules”or diamagnetic molecules. Most molecules are of the diamagnetic variety,hence the designation “ordinary”. This includes, of course, most organicmolecules found in biologic organisms. Diamagnetic molecules haverotational magnetic moments from rotation of the positively chargednucleus, and this magnetic moment of the nucleus is only about {fraction(1/1000)} of that from the paramagnetic molecules. This means that theenergy from Zeeman splitting in diamagnetic molecules is much smallerthan the energy from Zeeman splitting in paramagnetic molecules. Theequation for the Zeeman energy in diamagnetic molecules is:

Hz=−(g _(j) J=g ₁ I).βH ₀

[0625] where J is the molecular rotational angular momentum, I is thenuclear-spin angular momentum, g_(j) is the rotational g factor, andg_(i) is the nuclear-spin g factor. This Zeeman energy is much less, andof much lower frequency, than the paramagnetic Zeeman energy. In termsof frequency, it falls in the hertz and kilohertz regions of theelectromagnetic spectrum.

[0626] Finally, consider the implications of Zeeman splitting forcatalyst and chemical reactions and for spectral chemistry. A weakmagnetic field will produce hertz and kilohertz Zeeman splitting inatoms and second order effects in paramagnetic molecules. Virtually anykind of magnetic field will produce hertz and kilohertz Zeeman splittingin diamagnetic molecules. All these atoms and molecules will then becomesensitive to radio and very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic waves.The atoms and molecules will absorb the radio or VLF energy and becomestimulated to a greater or lesser degree. This could be used to addspectral energy to, for instance, a particular molecule or intermediatein a chemical reaction system. For instance, for hydrogen and oxygengases turning into water over a platinum catalyst, the hydrogen atomradical is important for maintaining the reaction. In the earth's weakmagnetic field, Zeeman splitting for hydrogen is around 30 KHz. Thus,the hydrogen atoms in the reaction system, could be energized byapplying to them a Zeeman splitting frequency for hydrogen (e.g., 30KHz). Energizing the hydrogen atoms in the reaction system willduplicate the mechanisms of action of platinum, and catalyze thereaction. If the reaction was moved into outer space, away from theearth's weak magnetic field, hydrogen would no longer have a 30 KHzZeeman splitting frequency, and the 30 KHz would no longer aseffectively catalyze the reaction.

[0627] The vast majority of materials on this planet, by virtue ofexisting within the earth's weak magnetic field, will exhibit Zeemansplitting in the hertz and kilohertz regions. This applies to biologicsand organics as well as inorganic or inanimate materials. Humans arecomposed of a wide variety of atoms, diamagnetic molecules, and secondorder effect paramagnetic molecules. These atoms and molecules all existin the earth's weak magnetic field. These atoms and molecules in humansall have Zeeman splitting in the hertz and kilohertz regions, becausethey are in the earth's magnetic field. Biochemical and biocatalyticprocess in humans are thus sensitive to hertz and kilohertzelectromagnetic radiation, by virtue of the fact that they are in theearth's weak magnetic field. As long as humans continue to exist on thisplanet, they will be subject to spectral energy catalyst effects fromhertz and kilohertz EM waves because of the Zeeman effect from theplanet's magnetic field. This has significant implications for lowfrequency communications, as well as chemical and biochemical reactions,diagnostics, and treatment of diseases.

[0628] A strong magnetic field will produce splitting greater than thehyperfine frequencies, in the microwave and infrared regions of the EMspectrum in atoms and paramagnetic molecules. In the hydrogen/oxygenreaction, a strong field could be added to the reaction system andtransmit MHz and/or GHz frequencies into the reaction to energize thehydroxy radical and hydrogen reaction intermediates. If physicalplatinum was used to catalyze the reaction, the application of aparticular magnetic field strength could result in both the platinum andthe reaction intermediate spectra having frequencies that were split andshifted in such a way that even more frequencies matched than withoutthe magnetic field. In this way, Zeeman splitting can be used to improvethe effectiveness of a physical catalyst, by copying its mechanism ofaction (i.e., more frequencies could be caused to match and thus moreenergy could transfer).

[0629] A moderate magnetic field will produce Zeeman splitting in atomsand paramagnetic molecules at frequencies on par with the hyperfine androtational splitting frequencies. This means that a reaction system canbe energized without even adding electromagnetic energy. Sirnilarly, byplacing the reaction system in a moderate magnetic field that producesZeeman splitting equal to the hyperfine or rotational splitting,increased reaction would occur. For instance, by using a magnetic fieldthat causes hyperfine or rotational splitting in hydrogen and oxygengas, that matches the Zeeman splitting in hydrogen atom or hydroxyradicals, the hydrogen or hydroxy intermediate would be energized andwould proceed through the reaction cascade to produce water. By usingthe appropriately tuned moderate magnetic field, the magnetic fieldcould be used to turn the reactants into catalysts for their ownreaction, without the addition of physical catalyst platinum or thespectral catalyst of platinum. Although the magnetic field would simplybe copying the mechanism of action of platinum, the reaction would havethe appearance of being catalyzed solely by an applied magnetic field.

[0630] Finally, consider the direction of the magnetic field in relationto the orientation of the molecule. When the magnetic field is parallelto an exciting electromagnetic field, π frequencies are produced. Whenthe magnetic field is perpendicular to an exciting electromagneticfield, σ frequencies are found. Assume that there is an industrialchemical reaction system that uses the same (or similar) startingreactants, but the goal is to be able to produce different products atwill. By using magnetic fields combined with spectral energy or physicalcatalysts, the reaction can be guided to one set of products or another.For the first set of products, the electromagnetic excitation isoriented parallel to the magnetic field, producing one set of πfrequencies, which leads to a first set of products. To achieve adifferent product, the direction of the magnetic field is changed sothat it is perpendicular to the exciting electromagnetic field. Thisproduces a different set of σ frequencies, and a different reactionpathway is energized, thus producing a different set of products. Thus,according to the present invention, magnetic field effects, Zeemansplitting, splitting and spectral energy catalysts can be used to finetune the specificity of many reaction systems.

[0631] In summary, by understanding the underlying spectral mechanism tochemical reactions, magnetic fields can be used as yet another tool tocatalyze and modify those chemical reactions by modifying the spectralcharacteristics of at least one participant and/or at least onecomponent in the reaction system.

[0632] Reactor Vessel Size, Shape and Composition

[0633] An important consideration in the use of spectral chemistry isthe reactor vessel size, shape and composition. The reactor vessel sizeand shape can affect the vessel's NOF to various wave energies (e.g.,EM, acoustic, electrical current, etc). This in turn may affect reactionsystem dynamics. For instance, a particularly small bench-top reactorvessel may have an EM NOF of 1,420 MHz related to a 25 cm dimension.When a reaction with an atomic hydrogen intermediate is performed in thesmall bench-top reactor, the reaction proceeds quickly, due in part tothe fact that the reactor vessel and the hydrogen hyperfine splittingfrequencies match (1,420 MHz). This allows the reactor vessel andhydrogen intermediates to resonate, thus transferring energy to theintermediate and promoting the reaction pathway.

[0634] When the reaction is scaled up for large industrial production,the reaction would occur in a much larger reactor vessel with an EM NOFof, for example, 100 MHz. Because the reactor vessel is no longerresonating with the hydrogen intermediate, the reaction proceeds at aslower rate. This deficiency in the larger reactor vessel can becompensated for, by, for example, supplementing the reaction with 1,420MHz radiation, thereby restoring the faster reaction rate.

[0635] Likewise, reactor vessel composition may play a similar role inreaction system dynamics. For example, a stainless steel bench-topreactor vessel may produce vibrational frequencies which resonate withvibrational frequencies of a reactant, thus, for example, promotingdisassociation of a reactant into reactive intermediates. When thereaction is scaled up for industrial production, it may be placed into,for example, a ceramic-lined metal reactor vessel. The new reactorvessel typically will not produce the reactant vibrational frequency,and the reaction will proceed at a slower rate. Once again, thisdeficiency in the new reactor vessel, caused by its differentcomposition, can be compensated for either by returning the reaction toa stainless steel vessel, or by supplementing, for example, thevibrational frequency of the reactant into the ceramic-lined vessel

[0636] It should now be understood that all the aspects of spectralchemistry previously discussed (resonance, targeting, poisons,promoters, supporters, electric and magnetic-fields both endogenous andexogenous to reaction system components, etc.) apply to the reactorvessel, as well as to, for example, any participant placed inside it.The reactor vessel may be comprised of matter (e.g., stainless steel,plastic, glass, and/or ceramic, etc.) or it may be comprised of a fieldor energy (e.g., magnetic bottle, light trapping, etc.) A reactorvessel, by possessing inherent properties such as frequencies, waves,and/or fields, may interact with other components in the reaction systemand/or at least one participant. Likewise, holding vessels, conduits,etc., some of which may interact with the reaction system, but in whichthe reaction does not actually take place, may interact with one or morecomponents in the reaction system and may potentially affect them,either positively or negatively. Accordingly, when reference is made tothe reactor vessel, it should be understood that all portions associatedtherewith may also be involved in desirable reactions.

EXAMPLES

[0637] The invention will be more clearly perceived and betterunderstood from the following specific examples.

Example 1

[0638] Replacing a Physical Catalyst With a Spectral Catalyst in a GasPhase Reaction

[0639] 2H₂+0₂>>>>platinum catalyst>>>>2H₂O

[0640] Water can be produced by the method of exposing H₂ and O₂ to aphysical platinum (Pt) catalyst but there is always the possibility ofproducing a potentially dangerous explosive risk. This experimentreplaced the physical platinum catalyst with a spectral catalystcomprising the spectral pattern of the physical platinum catalyst, whichresonates with and transfers energy to the hydrogen and hydroxyintermediates.

[0641] To demonstrate that oxygen and hydrogen can combine to form waterutilizing a spectral catalyst, electrolysis of water was performed toprovide stoichiometric amounts of oxygen and hydrogen starting gases. Atriple neck flask was fitted with two (2) rubber stoppers on the outsidenecks, each fitted with platinum electrodes encased in glass for a four(4) inch length. The flask was filled with distilled water and a pinchof salt so that only the glass-encased portion of the electrode wasexposed to air, and the unencased portion of the electrode wascompletely under water. The central neck was connected via a rubberstopper to vacuum tubing, which led to a Drierite column to remove anywater from the produced gases.

[0642] After vacuum removal of all gases in the system (to about 700 mmHg), electrolysis was conducted using a 12 V power source attached tothe two electrodes. Electrolysis was commenced with the subsequentproduction of hydrogen and oxygen gases in stoichiometric amounts. Thegases passed through the Drierite column, through vacuum tubingconnected to positive and negative pressure gauges and into a sealed1,000 ml, round quartz flask. A strip of filter paper, which containeddried cobalt, had been placed in the bottom of the sealed flask.Initially the cobalt paper was blue, indicating the absence of water inthe flask. A similar cobalt test strip exposed to the ambient air wasalso blue.

[0643] The traditional physical platinum catalyst was replaced byspectral catalyst platinum emissions from a Fisher Scientific HollowCathode Platinum Lamp which was positioned approximately 2 cm from theflask. This allowed the oxygen and hydrogen gases in the round quartzflask to be irradiated with emissions from the spectral catalyst. ACathodeon Hollow Cathode Lamp Supply C610 was used to power the Pt lampat 80% maximum current (12 mAmps). The reaction flask was cooled usingdry ice in a Styrofoam container positioned directly beneath the roundquartz flask, offsetting any effects of heat from the Pt lamp. The Ptlamp was turned on and within two days of irradiation, a noticeable pinkcolor was evident on the cobalt paper strip indicating the presence ofwater in the round quartz flask. The cobalt test strip exposed toambient air in the lab remained blue. Over the next four to five days,the pink colored area on the cobalt strip became brighter and larger.Upon discontinuation of the Pt emission, H₂O diffused out of the cobaltstrip and was taken up by the Drierite column. Over the next four tofive days, the pink coloration of the cobalt strip in the quartz flaskfaded. The cobalt strip exposed to the ambient air remained blue.

Example 2

[0644] Replacing a Physical Catalyst With a Spectrl Catalyst in a LiquidPhase Reaction

[0645] H₂O₂>>>>platinum catalyst>>>>H₂O+O₂

[0646] The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is an extremely slowreaction in the absence of catalysts. Accordingly, an experiment wasperformed which showed that the physical catalyst, finely dividedplatinum, could be replaced with the spectral catalyst having thespectral pattern of platinum. Hydrogen peroxide, 3%, filled two (2)nippled quartz tubes. (the nippled quartz tubes consisted of a lowerportion 17 mm internal diameter and 150 mm in length, narrowing over a10 mm length to an upper capillary portion being 2.0 mm internaldiameter and 140 mm in length and were made from PhotoVac Laser quartztubing). Both quartz tubes were inverted in 50 ml beaker reservoirsfilled with (3%) hydrogen peroxide to 40 ml and were shielded fromincident light (cardboard cylinders covered with aluminum foil). One ofthe light shielded tubes was used as a control. The other shielded tubewas exposed to a Fisher Scientific Hollow Cathode Lamp for platinum (Pt)using a Cathodeon Hollow Cathode Lamp Supply C610, at 80% maximumcurrent (12 mA). The experiment was performed several times with anexposure time ranging from 24-96 hours. The shielded tubes weremonitored for increases in temperature (there was none) to assure thatany reaction was not due to thermal effects. In a typical experiment thenippled tubes were prepared with hydrogen peroxide (3%) as describedabove herein. Both tubes were shielded from light, and the Pt tube wasexposed to platinum spectral emissions, as described above, for about 24hours. Gas production in the control tube A measured about four (4) mmin length in the capillary (i.e., about 12.5 mm³), while gas in the Pt(tube B) measured about 50 mm (i.e., about 157 mm³). The platinumspectral catalyst thus increased the reaction rate about 12.5 times.

[0647] The tubes were then switched and tube A was exposed to theplatinum spectral catalyst, for about 24 hours, while tube B served asthe control. Gas production in the control (tube B) measured about 2 mmin length in the capillary (i.e., about 6 nu3) while gas in the Pt tube(tube A) measured about 36 mm (i.e., about 113 mm³), yielding about a 19fold difference in reaction rate.

[0648] As a negative control, to confirm that any lamp would not causethe same result, the experiment was repeated with a sodium lamp at 6 mA(80% of the maximum current). Na in a traditional reaction would be areactant with water releasing hydrogen gas, not a catalyst of hydrogenperoxide breakdown. The control tube measured gas to be about 4 mm inlength (i.e., about 12 mm³) in the capillary portion, while the Na tubegas measured to be about 1 mm in length (i.e., about 3 mm³). Thisindicated that while spectral emissions can substitute for catalysts,they cannot yet substitute for reactants. Also, it indicated that thesimple effect of using a hollow cathode tube emitting heat and energyinto the hydrogen peroxide was not the cause of the gas bubbleformation, but instead, the spectral pattern of Pt replacing thephysical catalyst caused the reaction.

Example 3

[0649] Replacing a Physical Catalyst With a Spectral Catalyst in a SolidPhase Reaction

[0650] It is well known that certain micro-organisms have a toxicreaction to silver Ag. It is now understood through this invention, thathigh intensity spectral frequencies produced in the silver electronicspectrum match with ultraviolet frequencies that are lethal to bacteria(by creation of free radicals and by causing bacterial DNA damage) butare harmless to mammalian cells. Thus, it was theorized that the knownmedicinal and anti-microbial uses of silver are due to a spectralcatalyst effect. In this regard, an experiment was conducted whichshowed that the spectral catalyst emitting the spectrum of silverdemonstrated a toxic or inhibitory effect on micro-organisms.

[0651] Bacterial cultures were placed onto standard growth medium in twopetri dishes (one control and one Ag) using standard plating techniquescovering the entire dish. Each dish was placed at the bottom of a lightshielding cylindrical chamber. A light shielding foil-covered, cardboarddisc with a patterned slit was placed over each culture plate. A FisherScientific Hollow Cathode Lamp for Silver (Ag) was inserted through thetop of the Ag exposure chamber so that only the spectral emissionpattern from the silver lamp was irradiating the bacteria on the Agculture plate (i.e., through the patterned slit). A Cathodeon HollowCathode Lamp Supply C610 was used to power the Ag lamp at 80% maximumcurrent (3.6 mA). The control plate was not exposed to emissions of anAg lamp, and ambient light was blocked. Both control and Ag plates weremaintained at room temperature (e.g., about 70-74° F.) during the silverspectral emission exposure time, which ranged from about 12-24 hours inthe various experiments. Afterwards, both plates were incubated usingstandard techniques (37° C., aerobic Forma Scientific Model 3157,Water-Jacketed Incubator) for about 24 hours.

[0652] The following bacteria (obtained from the Microbiology Laboratoryat People's Hospital in Mansfield, Ohio, US), were studied for effectsof the Ag lamp spectral emissions:

[0653] 1. E. coli;

[0654] 2. Strep. pneumoniae;

[0655] 3. Staph. aureus; and

[0656] 4. Salmonella typhi.

[0657] This group included both Gram⁺ and Gram⁻ species, as well ascocci and rods.

[0658] Results were as follows:

[0659] 1. Controls—all controls showed full growth covering the cultureplates;

[0660] 2. The Ag plates

[0661] areas unexposed to the Ag spectral emission pattern showed fullgrowth.

[0662] areas exposed to the Ag spectral emission pattern showed:

[0663] a. E. coli—no growth;

[0664] b. Strep. pneumoniae—no growth; and

[0665] c. Staph. agreus—no growth;

[0666] d. Salmoinella tyhli—inhibited growth.

Example 4

[0667] Replacing a Physical Catalyst With a Spectral Catalyst, andComparing Results to Physical Catalyst Results in a Biologic Preparation

[0668] To further demonstrate that certain susceptible organisms whichhave a toxic reaction to silver would have a similar reaction to thespectral catalyst emitting the spectrum of silver, cultures wereobtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) which includedEscherichia coli #25922, and Klebsiella pneumonia, subsp Pneumoniae,#13883. Control and Ag plate cultures were performed as described above.After incubation, plates were examined using a binocular microscope. TheE. coli exhibited moderate resistance to the bactericidal effects of thespectral silver emission, while the Klebsiella exhibited moderatesensitivity. All controls exhibited full growth.

[0669] Accordingly, an experiment was performed which demonstrated asimilar result using the physical silver catalyst as was obtained withthe Ag spectral catalyst. Sterile test discs were soaked in an 80 ppm,colloidal silver solution. The same two (2) organisms were again plated,as described above. Colloidal silver test discs were placed on each Agplate, while the control plates had none. The plates were incubated asdescribed above and examined under the binocular microscope. Thecollodial silver E. coli exhibited moderate resistance to thebactericidal effects of the physical colloidal silver, while theKlebsiella again exhibited moderate sensitivity. All controls exhibitedfull growth.

Example 5

[0670] Augmenting a Physical Catalyst With a Spectral Catalyst

[0671] To demonstrate that oxygen and hydrogen can combine to form waterutilizing a spectral catalyst to augment a physical catalyst,electrolysis of water was performed to provide the necessary oxygen andhydrogen starting gases, as in Example 1.

[0672] Two quartz flasks (A and B) were connected separately after theDrierite column, each with its own set of vacuum and pressure gauges.Platinum powder (31 mg) was placed in each flask. The flasks were filledwith electrolytically produced stoichiometric amounts of H₂ and O₂ to120 mm Hg. The flasks were separated by a stopcock from the electrolysissystem and from each other. The pressure in each flask was recorded overtime as the reaction proceeded over the physical platinum catalyst. Thereaction combines three (3) moles of gases, (i.e., two (2) moles H2 andone (1) mole 02), to produce two (2) moles H₂O. This decrease inmolarity, and hence progress of the reaction, can be monitored by adecrease in pressure “P” which is proportional, via the ideal gas law,(PV=nRT), to molarity “n”. A baseline rate of reaction was thusobtained. Additionally, the test was repeated filling each flask with H₂and O₂ to 220 mm Hg. Catalysis of the reaction by only the physicalcatalyst yielded two baseline reaction curves which were in goodagreement between flasks A and B, and for both the 110 mm and 220 mm Hgtests.

[0673] Next, the traditional physical platinum catalyst in flask A wasaugmented with spectral catalyst platinum emissions from two (2)parallel Fisher Scientific Hollow Cathode Platinum Lamps, as in Example1, which were positioned approximately two (2) cm from flask A. The testwas repeated as described above, separating the two (2) flasks from eachother and monitoring the rate of the reaction via the pressure decreasein each. Flask B served as a control flask. In flask A, the oxygen andhydrogen gases, as well as the physical platinum catalyst, were directlyirradiated with emissions from the Pt lamp spectral catalyst.

[0674] Rate of reaction in the control flask B, was in good agreementwith previous baseline rates. Rate of reaction in flask “A”, whereinphysical platinum catalyst was augmented with the platinum spectralpattern, exhibited an overall mean increase of 60%, with a maximalincrease of 70% over the baseline and flask B.

Example 6

[0675] Replacing a Physical Catalyst With a Fine Structure HeterodynedFrequency and Replacing a Physical Catalyst With a Fine StructureFrequency the Alpha Rotation-Vibration Constant

[0676] Water was electrolyzed to produce stoichiometric amounts ofhydrogen and oxygen gases as described above herein. Additionally, a dryice cooled stainless steel coil was placed immediately after theDrierite column. After vacuum removal of all gases in the system,electrolysis was accomplished using a 12 V power source attached to thetwo electrodes, resulting in a production of hydrogen and oxygen gases.After passing through the Drierite column, the hydrogen and oxygen gasespassed through vacuum tubing connected to positive and negative pressuregauges, through the dry ice cooled stainless steel coil and then to a1,000 ml round, quartz flask. A strip of filter paper impregnated withdry (blue) cobalt was in the bottom of the quartz flask, as an indicatorof the presence or absence of water.

[0677] The entire system was vacuum evacuated to a pressure of about 700mm Hg below atmospheric pressure. Electrolysis was performed, producinghydrogen and oxygen gases in stoichiometric amounts, to result in apressure of about 220 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure. The center ofthe quartz flask, now containing hydrogen and oxygen gases wasirradiated for approximately 12 hours with continuous microwaveelectromagnetic radiation emitted from a Hewlett Packard microwavespectroscopy system which included an HP 83350B Sweep Oscillator, an HP8510B Network Analyzer, and an HP 8513A Reflection Transmission TestSet. The frequency used was 21.4 GHz, which corresponds to a finesplitting constant, the alpha rotation-vibration constant, of thehydroxy intermediate, and is thus a harmonic resonant heterodyne for thehydroxy radical. The cobalt strip changed strongly in color to pinkwhich indicated the presence of water in the quartz flask, whosecreation was catalyzed by a harmonic resonant heterodyne frequency forthe hydroxy radical.

Example 7

[0678] Replacing a Physical Catalyst With a Hyperfine SplittingFrequency

[0679] An experimental dark room was prepared, in which there is noambient light, and which can be totally darkened. A shielded, groundroom (Ace Shielded Room, Ace, Philadelphia, Pa., US, Model A6H₃-16; 8feet wide, 17 feet long, and 8 feet high copper mesh) was installedinside the dark room.

[0680] Hydrogen peroxide (3%) was placed in nippled quartz tubes, whichwere then inverted in beakers filled with (3%) hydrogen peroxide, asdescribed in greater detail herein. The tubes were allowed to rest forabout 18 hours in the dark room, covered with non-metallic lightblocking hoods (so that the room could be entered without exposing thetubes to light). Baseline measurements of gases in the nippled tubeswere then performed.

[0681] Three nippled RF tubes were placed on a wooden grid table in theshielded room, in the center of grids 4, 54, and 127; corresponding todistances of about 107 cm, 187 cm, and 312 cm respectively, from afrequency-emitting antenna (copper tubing 15 mm diameter, 4.7 moctagonal circumference, with the center frequency at approximately 6.5MHz. A 25 watt, 17 MHz signal was sent to the antenna. This frequencycorresponds to a hyperfine splitting frequency of the hydrogen atom,which is a transient in the dissociation of hydrogen peroxide. Theantenna was pulsed continuously by a BK Precision RF Signal GeneratorModel 2005A, and amplified by an Amplifier Research amplifier, Model25A-100. A control tube was placed on a wooden cart immediately adjacentto the shielded room, in the dark room. All tubes were covered withnon-metallic light blocking hoods.

[0682] After about 18 hours, gas production from dissociation ofhydrogen peroxide and resultant oxygen formation in the nippled tubeswas measured. The RF tube closest to the antenna produced 11 mm lengthgas in the capillary (34 mm³), the tube intermediate to the antennaproduced a 5 mm length (10 mm³) gas, and the RF tube farthest from theantenna produced no gas. The control tube produced 1 mm gas. Thus, itcan be concluded that the RF hyperfine splitting frequency for hydrogenincreased the reaction rate approximately five (5) to ten (10) times.

Example 8

[0683] Replacing a Physical Catalyst With a Magnetic Field

[0684] Hydrogen peroxide (15%) was placed in nippled quartz tubes, whichwere then inverted in beakers filled with (15%) hydrogen peroxide, asdescribed above. The tubes were allowed to rest for four (4) hours on awooden table in a shielded cage, in a dark room. Baseline measurementsof gases in the nippled tubes were then performed.

[0685] Remaining in the shielded cage, in the dark room, two (2) controltubes were left on a wooden table as controls. Two (2) magnetic fieldtubes were placed on the center platform of an ETS Helmholtz single axiscoil, Model 6402, 1.06 gauss/Ampere, pulsed at about 83 Hz by a BKPrecision 20 MHz Sweep/Function Generator, Model 4040. The voltageoutput of the function generator was adjusted to produce an alternatingmagnetic field of about 19.5 milliGauss on the center platform of theHelmholtz Coil, as measured by a Holaday Model HI-3627, three (3) axisELF magnetic field meter and probe. Hydrogen atoms, which are atransient in the dissociation of hydrogen peroxide, exhibit nuclearmagnetic resonance via Zeeman splitting at this applied frequency andapplied magnetic field strength. Thus, frequency of the alternatingmagnetic field was resonant with the hydrogen transients.

[0686] After about 18 hours, gas production from dissociation ofhydrogen peroxide and resultant oxygen formation in the nippled tubeswas measured. The control tubes averaged about 180 mm gas formation (540mm³) while the tubes exposed to the alternating magnetic field producedabout 810 mm gas (2,430 mm³), resulting in an increase in the reactionrate of approximately four (4) times.

Example 9

[0687] Negatively Catalyzing a Reaction With an Electric Field

[0688] Hydrogen peroxide (15%) was placed in four (4) nippled quartztubes which were inverted in hydrogen peroxide (15%) filled beakers, asdescribed in greater detail above herein. The tubes were placed on awooden table, in a shielded room, in a dark room. After four (4) hours,baseline measurements were taken of the gas in the capillary portion ofthe tubes.

[0689] An Amplifier Research self-contained electromagnetic mode cell(“TEM”) Model TC1510A had been placed in the shielded, darkened room. Asine wave signal of about 133 MHz was provided to the TEM cell by a BKPrecision RF Signal Generator, Model 2005A, and an Amplifier Researchamplifier, Model 25A100. Output levels on the signal generator andamplifier wave adjusted to produce an electric field (E-field) of aboutfive (5) V/m in the center of the TEM cell, as measured with a HoladayIndustries electric field probe, Model HI-4433GRE, placed in the centerof the lower chamber.

[0690] Two of the hydrogen peroxide filled tubes were placed in thecenter of the upper chamber of the TEM cell, about 35 cm from the wallof the shielded room. The other two (2) tubes served as controls andwere placed on a wooden table, also about 35 cm from the same wall ofthe shielded, dark room, and removed from the immediate vicinity of theTEM cell, so that there was no ambient electric field, as confirmed byE-field probe measurements.

[0691] The 133 MHz alternating sine wave signal delivered to the TEMcell was well above the typical line width frequency at room temperature(e.g., about 100 KHz) and was theorized to be resonant with an n=20Rydberg state of the hydrogen atom as derived from

ΔE=cE^(3/4)

[0692] where E is the change in energy in cm⁻¹, c is 7.51±0.02 for thehydrogen state n=20 and E is the electric field intensity in (Kv/cm)².

[0693] After about five (5) hours of exposure to the electric field, themean gas production in the tubes subjected to the E-field was about 17.5mm, while mean gas production in the control tubes was about 58 mm.

[0694] While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory orexplanation, it is believed that the alternating electric fieldresonated with an upper energy level in the hydrogen atoms, producing anegative Stark effect, and thereby negatively catalyzing the reaction.

Example 10

[0695] Augmentation of a Physical Catalyst By IrradiatingReactants/Transients With a Spectral Catalyst

[0696] Hydrogen and oxygen gases were produced in stoichiometric amountsby electrolysis, as previously described in greater detail above herein.A stainless steel coil cooled in dry ice was placed immediately afterthe Drierite column. Positive and negative pressure gauges wereconnected after the coil, and then a 1,000 ml round quartz flask wassequentially connected with a second set of pressure gauges.

[0697] At the beginning of each experimental run, the entire system wasvacuum evacuated to a pressure of about minus 650 mm Hg. The system wassealed for about 15 minutes to confirm the maintenance of the generatedvacuum and integrity of the connections. Electrolysis of water toproduce hydrogen and oxygen gases was performed, as describedpreviously.

[0698] Initially, about 10 mg of finely divided platinum was placed intothe round quartz flask. Reactant gases were allowed to react over theplatinum and the reaction rate was monitored by increasing the rate ofpressure drop over time, as previously described. The starting pressurewas approximately in the mid-90's mm Hg positive pressure, and theending pressure was approximately in the low 30's over the amount oftime that measurements were taken. Two (2) control runs were performed,with reaction rates of about 0.47 mm Hg/minute and about 0.48 mmHg/minute.

[0699] For the third run, a single platinum lamp was applied, aspreviously described, except that the operating current was reduced toabout eight (8) mA and the lamp was positioned through the center of theflask to irradiate only the reactant/transient gases, and not thephysical platinum catalyst. The reaction rate was determined, asdescribed above, and was found to be about 0.63 mm Hg/minute, anincrease of 34%.

Example 11

[0700] Apparent Poisoning of a Reaction By the Spectral Pattern of aPhysical Poison

[0701] The conversion of hydrogen and oxygen gases to water, over astepped platinum physical catalyst, is known to be poisoned by gold.Addition of gold to this platinum catalyzed reaction reduces reactionrates by about 95%. The gold blocks only about one sixth of the platinumbinding sites, which according to prior art, would need to be blocked topoison the physical catalyst to this degree. Thus, it was theorized thata spectral interaction of the physical gold with the physical platinumand/or reaction system could also be responsible for the poisoningeffects of gold on the reaction. It was further theorized that additionof the gold spectral pattern to the reaction catalyzed by physicalplatinum could also poison the reaction.

[0702] Hydrogen and oxygen gases were produced by electrolysis, asdescribed above in greater detail. Finely directed platinum, about 15mg, was added to the round quartz flask. Starting pressures were aboutin the 90's mm Hg positive pressure, and ending pressures were about inthe 20's mm Hg over the amount of time that measurements were taken.Reaction rates were determined as previously described. The firstcontrol run revealed a reaction rate of about 0.81 mm Hg/minute.

[0703] In the second run, a Fisher Hollow Cathode Gold lamp was applied,as previously described, at an operating frequency of about eight (8)mA, (80% maximum current), through about the center of the round flask.The reaction rate increased to about 0.87 mm Hg/minute.

[0704] A third run was then performed on the same reaction flask andphysical platinum that had been in the flask exposed to the goldspectral pattern. The reaction rate decreased to about 0.75 mmHg/minute.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for controlling a reaction systemcomprising: forming a reaction system; and targeting said reactionsystem with at least one method selected from the group consisting ofdirect resonance targeting, harmonic targeting and non-harmonicheterodyne targeting.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said reactionsystem comprises at least one participant.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein said reaction system comprises at least one member selected fromthe group consisting of reactant, transient, intermediate, activatedcomplex, physical catalyst, promoter, poison and reaction product.
 4. Amethod for controlling a reaction system comprising: forming a reactionsystem comprising at least one member selected from the group consistingof reactants, transients, intermediates, activated complexes, physicalcatalysts, reaction products, promoters, poisons, solvents, physicalcatalyst support materials, reaction vessels, and mixtures andcomponents thereof; and applying at least one spectral energy providerto said reaction system, said spectral energy provider being selectedfrom the group consisting of spectral energy catalyst, spectralcatalyst, spectral energy pattern, spectral pattern, catalytic spectralenergy pattern, catalytic spectral pattern, applied spectral energypattern, and spectral environmental reaction conditions, said at leastone spectral energy provider providing energy to at least one member ofsaid reaction system by interacting with at least one frequency thereof,excluding electronic and vibrational frequencies in any of saidreactant, to achieve direct resonance therewith and to produce at leastone desired reaction product.
 5. A method for controlling a reactionsystem comprising: forming a reaction system comprising at least onemember selected from the group consisting of reactants, transients,intermediates, activated complexes, physical catalysts, reactionproducts, promoters, poisons, solvents, physical catalyst supportmaterials, reaction vessels, and mixtures and components thereof; andapplying at least one spectral energy provider to said reaction system,said spectral energy provider being selected from the group consistingof, spectral energy catalyst, spectral catalyst, spectral energypattern, spectral pattern, catalytic spectral energy pattern, catalyticspectral pattern, applied spectral energy pattern, and spectralenvironmental reaction conditions, said at least one spectral energyprovider providing energy to at least one member of said reaction systemby interacting with at least one frequency thereof, excluding electronicand vibrational frequencies in any of said reactant, to achieve harmonicresonance therewith and to produce at least one desired reactionproduct.
 6. A method for controlling a reaction system comprising:forming a reaction system comprising at least one member selected fromthe group consisting of reactants, transients, intermediates, activatedcomplexes, physical catalysts, reaction products, promoters, poisons,solvents, physical catalyst support materials, reaction vessels, andmixtures and components thereof; and applying at least one spectralenergy provider to said reaction system, said spectral energy providerbeing selected from the group consisting of, spectral energy catalyst,spectral catalyst, spectral energy pattern, spectral pattern, catalyticspectral energy pattern, catalytic spectral pattern, applied spectralenergy pattern, and spectral environmental reaction conditions, said atleast one spectral energy provider providing energy to at least onemember of said reaction system by interacting with at least onefrequency thereof, to achieve non-harmonic heterodyne resonancetherewith and to produce at least one desired reaction product.
 7. Amethod for catalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy catalystresulting in at least one reaction product comprising: forming areaction system comprising at least one participant; and applying atleast one spectral energy catalyst to said reaction system to causespectral energy pattern broadening of at said least one participant tocause a transfer of energy to occur into said reaction system resultingin the production of at least one reaction product.
 8. A method forcontrolling a reaction system comprising: forming a reaction system; andapplying at least one applied spectral energy pattern to said reactionsystem, said at least one applied spectral energy pattern resulting inspectral pattern broadening of at least one component in said reactionsystem to cause a transfer of energy to occur from said at least oneapplied spectral pattern into said reaction system, resulting in theproduction of at least one reaction product.
 9. A method for controllinga reaction system comprising: forming a reaction system comprising atleast one member selected from the group consisting of reactants,transients and reaction product; and applying at least one spectralenergy pattern to said reaction system, said at least one appliedspectral energy pattern resulting in spectral pattern broadening of atleast one of said members in said reaction system, resulting in atransfer of energy from said applied spectral energy pattern to said atleast one member of said reaction system resulting in the production ofat least one reaction product.
 10. A method to effect and direct areaction system with a spectral energy catalyst comprising: determiningat least a portion of a spectral energy pattern for at least onestarting reactant in said reaction system; determining at least aportion of the spectral energy pattern for at least one reaction productin said reaction system; designing an additive spectral energy patternfrom said at least one starting reactant and said at least one reactionproduct to determine a designed spectral energy catalyst; generating atleast a portion of the designed spectral energy catalyst; and applyingto the reaction system said at least a portion of the designed spectralenergy catalyst to form at least one desired reaction product.
 11. Amethod to effect and direct a reaction system comprising: forming areaction system; and applying to said reaction system at least onespectral environmental reaction condition to result in at least onedesired reaction pathway in said reaction system.
 12. The method ofclaim 11, wherein said at least one spectral environmental reactioncondition is selectively applied in to start and stop said at last onedesired reaction pathway.
 13. A method for designing a catalyst to beused in a reaction system, comprising: determining at least a portion ofa spectral energy pattern for at least one starting reactant in saidreaction system; determining at least a portion of a spectral energypattern for at least one reaction product in said reaction system;determining an additive spectral energy pattern from said at least onereactant and said at least one reaction product to determine a designedcatalyst spectral energy pattern; and selecting at least one catalystselected from the group consisting of at least one physical materialwhich corresponds, at least partially, to said designed catalystspectral energy pattern and a spectral energy catalyst whichcorresponds, at least partially, to said designed catalyst spectralenergy pattern.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said at least onephysical material comprises a mixture of at least two components. 15.The method of claim 13, wherein said at least one physical materialcomprises a chemically bonded mixture of at least two components.
 16. Amethod for effecting or directing a reaction system comprising: forminga reaction system comprising at least one member selected from the groupconsisting of required intermediates and required transients; andapplying at least one spectral energy pattern to cause spectral patternbroadening of said at least one member in said reaction system,resulting in stabilization of any of said required intermediates andrequired transients, to permit the formation of at least one desiredreaction product.
 17. A method for catalyzing a reaction systemcomprising: forming a reaction system comprising at least one mattercomponent; and applying at least one frequency which achievesnon-harmonic heterodyne resonance with said at least one mattercomponent in said reaction system, resulting in the production of atleast one desired reaction product.
 18. A method for catalyzing areaction system comprising: applying at least one first spectral energypattern; and applying at least one second spectral energy pattern toresult in the formation of at least one desired reaction product. 19.The method of claim 18, wherein said at least one first spectral energypattern and said at least second spectral energy pattern are appliedsubstantially continuously to form an applied spectral energy pattern.20. The method of claim 18, wherein said at least one first spectralenergy pattern and said at least one second spectral pattern are appliedsequentially.
 21. A method for affecting or directing a reaction systemcomprising: forming a reaction system; and applying at least twospectral energy patterns, wherein a first of said at least two spectralenergy patterns causes a first desired reaction pathway to be followedwithin said reaction system, and wherein a second of said at least twospectral patterns comprises a second reaction pathway to be followedwithin said reaction system.
 22. A method for selectively catalyzing areaction system comprising: forming a reaction system; applying at leasta first spectral energy pattern to said reaction system; andsequentially applying at least a second spectral energy pattern to saidreaction system, whereby said first spectral energy pattern and saidsecond spectral energy pattern produce different reaction pathwayswithin said reaction system.
 23. A method for controlling a reactionsystem comprising: forming a reaction system; determining spectralpatterns for all components in said reaction system; determiningspectral patterns for all desired reaction products in said reactionsystem; determining at least one applied spectral energy pattern to beapplied to achieve all of said desired reaction products; and applyingsaid at least one applied spectral energy pattern.
 24. A method forcontrolling a reaction pathway in a reaction system comprising:determining spectral energy patterns for all components in a reactionsystem for a first reaction pathway; determining spectral energypatterns for all desired reaction products in a first reaction pathway;determining spectral energy patterns for all components in a reactionsystem for a second reaction pathway; determining spectral energypatterns for all components in a reaction system for a second reactionpathway; determining a first spectral energy catalyst to achieve saidfirst reaction pathway; determining a second spectral energy catalyst toachieve said second reaction pathway; and selectively applying saidfirst spectral energy catalyst and second spectral energy catalyst tofollow said each of first and second reaction pathways.
 25. A method forcatalyzing a reaction system with a spectral energy pattern comprising:forming a reaction system comprising at least one member selected fromthe group consisting of reactants, transients and intermediates; andapplying at least one spectral energy pattern for a sufficient time andat a sufficient intensity to cause the stabilization of at least onemember selected from the group consisting of at least one transient andat least one intermediate, to result in at least one desired reactionproduct.
 26. A method for catalyzing a reaction system with at least onespectral energy pattern comprising: forming a reaction system comprisingat least one transient; and applying all required spectral energypatterns to result in the stabilization of all transients in a desiredreaction pathway.